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Geochemical Characterization <br />• Sulfide minerals in the Precambrian bedrock oxidized during the <br />period of time when the West Pit was dewatered. <br />• Re-establishment of the hydrology in the vicinity of the West Pit <br />flushed the products of oxidation into the backfill from the <br />Precambrian bedrock. <br />• Secondary minerals also are flushed from the backfill material <br />• Carbonate minerals in the backfilled Santa Fe Formation react with the <br />material flushed from the Precambrian bedrock to neutralize the pH <br />and produce acalcium-sulfate-bicarbonate groundwater that carries <br />manganese from the backfill into the alluvial aquifer. <br />