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stand and site characteristics.The methods are based either Excavating can be used to remove individual trees <br /> on individual plant treatment(IPT)or stand treatment. selectively.Operators of excavating equipment must be <br /> Control methods that target and destroy the root system are skilled in placing the extracting bucket beneath the root <br /> the only techniques that provide complete plant control. crown of the target plant and grasping the tree with an <br /> Methods that damage or remove aboveground growth opposing hydraulic arm so that it can be pulled directly <br /> without destroying the root crown will suppress saltcedar upward in a vertical motion.Extracting the tree vertically <br /> but will not kill the plant.Aboveground control methods rather than sideways minimizes excessive breakage of the <br /> include fire,mowing,grazing with goats or other livestock, root material at or near the ground surface. <br /> defoliating herbicides,foliage feeding insects,etc.Since <br /> saltcedar is difficult to eradicate completely,saltcedar Mulching and excavating can be used in combination by <br /> control programs should be based on the degree of control first eliminating top growth of saltcedar quickly through <br /> necessary to achieve management objectives.The control mulching and then using excavation to destroy the remaining <br /> decision table(table 1)summarizes approaches for many root system.Mulching requires mobile,high horsepower <br /> common situations. machinery to operate a high speed rotating drum equipped <br /> with cutting teeth.The mulching equipment mows saltcedar <br /> top growth to ground level and simultaneously grinds it into <br /> Physical Control fine segments.Mulching by itself may be used to reduce fuel <br /> Manual Methods loading for fires by clearing significant acreage of saltcedar <br /> in a relatively short period of time.Mulching operations <br /> Hand removal by hoeing or digging can be used to <br /> target individual plants in relatively small areas.Some leave the roots intact;therefore,saltcedar will re-sprout <br /> commercially available hand implements are practical for when growth conditions become favorable and will typically <br /> reach 2 to 5 feet in height within the first or second season <br /> uprooting small saltcedar plants;however,a shovel or hoe <br /> after mulching.A track mounted excavator may be employed <br /> is most commonly used.The root crown and associated <br /> to remove the remaining live root crowns and layered roots <br /> layered roots must be entirely removed from the soil. <br /> as indicated by the re-sprouting. <br /> Uprooted material should be stacked into piles and dried <br /> before burning or mulching. Root plowing and raking is a combined mechanical <br /> Mechanical Methods treatment designed to clear large,mature saltcedar stands <br /> on relatively level areas.A 2-phase approach is generally <br /> Mechanical methods to treat saltcedar range in scale from followed.In the first phase,aerial trunks and stems are cut at <br /> individual plant excavation(from hand-operated equipment the soil surface and piled using a D-7 or D-8 class bulldozer <br /> to excavators)to broad scale clearing(from tillers to equipped with a front-mounted brush blade.An articulated <br /> bulldozers).Clearing saltcedar stands with a mechanical loader equipped with a brush rake working in tandem with <br /> method often requires repeated applications. a bulldozer may be used to facilitate piling.Piles should be <br /> Grubbing with,a tractor mounted implement is particularly allowed to dry for a month or longer prior to burning.The <br /> useful for control of scattered individual trees.A grubbing Work may be accomplished during winter months to avoid <br /> tool mounted on a tractor's hydraulic system drives a blade over-heating of equipment and summer nesting of birds.The <br /> into the soil to sever roots below the root crown and force second phase of control should occur during hot and dry <br /> the root crown onto the surface.To prevent re-rooting, summer months(usually May and June)when root material <br /> grubbed saltcedar should be piled,dried,and then burned or will dry out after removal from the soil.A 12-foot-wide root <br /> mulched rather than left on the surface. plow pulled by a bulldozer(e.g.,D-7 class)can be used to <br /> sever the root crown from the remaining root system about <br /> 3 <br />