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10 CONSULTING ENGINEERING 4. Appraisals, Valuations, and Rate Studies. - These services may include investigations and analyses of conditions, capital and operating costs, overhead, financial costs, and revenues leading to property valuations or to recommenda- tions for the establishment of prospective rates. 5. Assistance in Financial Matters. - The Engineer may be called on to render advice to the Client and the financial counsel on sources of capital and possible government assistance. He may estimate operating costs, fixed charges (interest and debt retirement), and probable income from the project. From these, he may detennine the date of final bond retirement and the financial attractiveness of the project as indicated by ratio of yearly income to total yearly costs. He may also act as responsible agent to certify that the terms and condi- tions of bond issues are carried out. 6. Management and Production Engineering. - These services comprise studies of management, production, labor relations, time studies, and similar activities that are carried out for the Client. 7. Inspection or Testing of Apparatus and Equipment. - These services of the Engineer may include tests of equipment and apparaoos under established codes of practice. Included also are services for specialized inspection of ap- paraoos or materials which may be used in industry and construction. 8. Operational Services. - At the completion of construction, the Engineer may be responsible for start-up of operations on the project. He may establish an efficient operating staff; set up job classifications and salaries; organize the purchasing of supplies; develop charts for recording input, output, and other necessary data; and, with his own forces, observe the operation of the project. 9. Surveying and Mapping. - Refer to Supplement A: "Professional Prac- tice of Surveying and Mapping Within Civil Engineering," page 47. 10. Structural Engineering. - Refer to Supplement B: "Professional Practice of Structural Engineering for Buildings," page 59. 11. Geotechnical Engineering. - Refer to Supplement C: "Professional Practice of Geotechnical Engineering," page 75. Services for Design Type Projects These services cover engineering practice in which design and development work is done. They differ from "consultation, investigations and reports" in that engineering design, working drawings, specifications, and other similar docu- ments are developed, in anticipation of construction, by a diversified engineering organization. The services, however, are usually based on a prior soody of project requirements and feasibility. Certain elements of the engineering services for design type projects are covered under Basic Services while others are performed as Special Services. The reason for making this distinction is that a great deal of cost data exists with respect to the Basic Services, which are useful in negotiating. The Special Services will vary from project to project and client to client.