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<br />I <br />t. <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />.. <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />T ABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) <br /> <br />CHAPTER IV - RIVER MORPHOLOGY AND RIVER RESPONSE (Continued) <br /> <br />4.4 Geometry of Alluvial Channels <br />4.4.1 Hydraulic Geometry of Alluvial Channels. <br />4.4.2 Dominant Discharge in Alluvial Rivers <br />4.4.3 The River Profile and its Bed Material <br />4.4.4 River Conditions for Meandering and Braiding <br /> <br />4.5 Qualitative Response of River Systems <br />4.5.1 General River Response to Change <br />4.5.2 Prediction of Channel Response to Change <br /> <br />4.6 Modeling of River Systems <br />4.6.1 Physical Modeling <br />4.6.2 Computer Modeling <br />4.6.3 Data Needs and State-of-the-Art Assessment <br /> <br />4.7 Highway Problems Related to Gradation Changes <br />4.7.1 Changes Due to Man's Activities <br />4.7.2 Natural Causes <br />4.7.3 Resulting Problems at Highway Crossings <br /> <br />4.8 Stream Stability Problems at Highway Crossings <br />4.8.1 Bank Stability <br />4.S.2 Stability Problems Associated <br />with Channel Relocation <br />4.8.3 Assessment of Stability for Relocated Streams <br />4.8.4 Estimation of Future Channel Stability <br />and Behavior <br /> <br />CHAPTER V - RIVER ST ABILIZA TION. BANK PROTECTION AND SCOUR <br /> <br />5.1 Stream Bank Erosion <br />5.1.1 Causes of Streambank Failure <br />5.\.2 Bed and Bank Material <br />5.1.3 Subsurface Flow <br />5.1.4 Piping of River Banks <br />5.1.5 Mass Wasting <br />5.1.6 River Training and Stabilization <br /> <br />5.2 Riprap Size and Stability Analysis <br />5.2.1 Stability Factors For Riprap <br />5.2.2 Simplified Design Aid for Side Slope Riprap <br />5.2.3 Velocity Method for Riprap Design <br />5.2.4 Riprap Design on Abutments <br />5.2.5 Riprap Gradation and Placement <br />5.2.6 Filters for Riprap <br />5.2.7 Riprap Failure and Protection <br /> <br />vii <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />IV-18 <br />IV-18 <br />IV-22 <br />IV-23 <br />IV-24 <br /> <br />IV-27 <br />IV-27 <br />IV-31 <br /> <br />IV-36 <br />IV-36 <br />IV-41 <br />IV-49 <br /> <br />IV-52 <br />IV-52 <br />IV-55 <br />IV-56 <br /> <br />IV-59 <br />IV-59 <br />IV-61 <br /> <br />IV-67 <br />IV-69 <br /> <br />V-2 <br />V-2 <br />V-4 <br />V-6 <br />V-7 <br />V-7 <br />V-S <br /> <br />V-II <br />V-12 <br />V-14 <br />V-16 <br />V-70 <br />V-24 <br />V-29 <br />V-31 <br />