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<br />.
<br />
<br />13. A great proportion of the overall
<br />pollution potential is associated
<br />with the very fine silt-like reac-
<br />tion (less than 43 microns) of the
<br />'street surface contaminants. 1'his
<br />fine material may constitute only
<br />five percent of the total solids,
<br />but may account for 25 percent of
<br />the oxygen demand and up to 50 per-
<br />cent of the algal nutrients. It
<br />may also comprise half of the heavy
<br />metals and three-quarters of the
<br />total pesticides~
<br />
<br />~
<br />
<br />14. Street surface contaminants are not
<br />uniformly distributed across the
<br />streets - nearly 80 percent of ma-
<br />terial may be found within IS em of
<br />the curb.
<br />
<br />15. The rate at which rainfall washes
<br />loose particulate matter from
<br />street surfaces depends on rainfall
<br />intensity, particle size and street
<br />surface characteristics. For exam-
<br />ple, asphalt streets may have load-
<br />ings which are up to SB percent
<br />heavier than for concrete streets.
<br />
<br />16. The chemical oxygen demend (COD)
<br />test provides a good basis for es-
<br />timating the oxygen demand poten-
<br />tial of street surface contami-
<br />nants.
<br />
<br />17. Catch basins are reasonably effec-
<br />tive in removing coarse inorganic
<br />solids from storm runoff but are
<br />ineffective in removing fine solids
<br />and most organic material.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />This project was completed as a Re-
<br />search Contract from the New Zealand
<br />National Water and Soil Conservation
<br />Organisation, Ministry of Works and Oe-
<br />velopment.
<br />Major sources of information were pol-
<br />lution Abstracts, Water Pollution Ab-
<br />stracts, Geo Abstracts, Selected Wa!er
<br />lesources Abstracts, Journal of the ay-
<br />draulics Division ASCE, Environmental
<br />Health and Pollution Control, EPA Fe-
<br />ports, Journal of the WPCF, Water ~e-
<br />search, Water Resources Research, Water
<br />Resources Bulletin, Journal of Hydrolo-
<br />9Y, USGS Professional and Water Supply
<br />Papers, and the Water Pollution Control
<br />Journal.
<br />
<br />These sourceS, and the many others used
<br />.re gratefully acknowledged, ~s is the
<br />supply of bibliographic material by Mr.
<br />J.R. Waugh of MWD. Special thanks are
<br />.1so due to staff of the University of
<br />Waikato Library and computer Centre -
<br />the entire project was completed on the
<br />University POP 11/78 computer.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />INTRODUCTORY REFERENCES
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />AllY, G. et al. 1974: -Water quality
<br />aanagement planning for urban rU-
<br />noff-. [FA 440/9-75-804, prepared
<br />by URS, Inc. (NTIS Pll-241 689).
<br />
<br />Berry, B.J.L. et a1. 1974: -rand
<br />use, urban form and environmental
<br />quality-. Final Report for Office
<br />of Research and Development.. EP!\,
<br />by Dept. of Geography, University
<br />
<br />ot Chicago, Research Paper No.1SSr
<br />44fpp.
<br />
<br />Bryan, E.H. 1972:
<br />water drainage
<br />Water Resources
<br />p578-588.
<br />
<br />-Ouality of storm
<br />from urban land-.
<br />Bulletin, Vol.8(J)f
<br />
<br />Coughlin, R.E. and Hallmer, T.R.
<br />1973: -Strea. quality preserva-
<br />tion through plann~d urban develop-
<br />ment-. Socioeconomic enviro~ental
<br />studies series, EPA-R573-819, Wash-
<br />ington, D.C., 238pp. (NTIS PB-222
<br />177) .
<br />
<br />180 Subgroup (UNESCO) .
<br />1974: -Hydroloqical eff@cts of
<br />urbanisation-. Studies and ~ports
<br />in Hydrology, No.18, UNESCO, Paris;
<br />281pp.
<br />
<br />McElroy, P.T.R. et al.
<br />1976: .Sampling and analysis of
<br />storm water runoff from urban and
<br />semi-urban/rural watersheds-.
<br />Purdue University Water Resources
<br />Research Centre, West Laf~yette,
<br />Indiana, Technical Report No.64;
<br />U2pp.
<br />
<br />S~rtor, J.D. et al. 1974: -Water
<br />pollution aspects of street surface
<br />contaminants.. J. Water Pollution
<br />Control Federation, Vol.46(3)f
<br />p458-467.
<br />
<br />Schouten, C.J. 1979: "'The effects of
<br />urban land use and transpOrt net-
<br />work on water-. Report, N.Z.
<br />Ministry of Works and Development
<br />contribu.tion to the Working Party
<br />on Land Use and its Effect on
<br />Water; 34pp.
<br />
<br />UNESCO. 1976: -IRP International
<br />Sv-posium on the effects of urbani-
<br />sation and industria1isation on the
<br />hydrological regime and on water
<br />quality-. Information ~ote No.1,
<br />February 1916; 3pp.
<br />
<br />Wantelista, M.P. et al.
<br />1977: -Nonpoint source effects on
<br />water quality-. J. Water Pollu-
<br />tion Control Federation. Vol.49:
<br />pUI-451.
<br />
<br />Waugh, J.R. 1978: -lfIfagnitude and
<br />frequency of floods in the North-
<br />land-Auckland region and their ap-
<br />plication to urban flood desiqn-.
<br />W.Z. Ministry of Works and Devel-
<br />opment, Water and Soil Technical
<br />Publication No.8f 14pp.
<br />
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