FLOOD02274

• County: Statewide
• Basin: Statewide
• Title: Hurricane Opal in Florida A Building Performance Assessment
• Date: 8/30/1996
• Prepared For: Florida
• Prepared By: FEMA
• Floodplain - Doc Type: Floodplain Report/Masterplan

Figure 2-9

Figure 2-10
Figure 2-11
~ Figure 2-12
Figure 2-13
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-15
Figure 3-1
Figure ~2
Figure ~3
Figure 3-4
Figure ~5
Figure 3--6
Figure ~ 7

Figure 3-8

Figure ~9
Figure ~ 10
Figure ~ 11
Figure ~ 12

Figure ~13

The floor beam connection and beam support shown here
illustrate the lack of design and proper construction observed
on many damaged structures. .................................................................... 2-8

This undamaged threaded rod & turnbuckle cross-bracing
continues to provide support as designed. ................................................ 2-8

These breakaway walls functioned as designed, lessening the
pressures of water, sand, and debris on the structure. ............................. 2-10

Utility lines and boxes dislocated by hurricane forces. ............................ 2-10

Interior view of breakaway wall blocked by air conditioning
unit and platform (see Figure 2-11). . ...................................................... 2-11

These breakaway walls functioned as designed. Note the loss
of the air conditioning unit platform. ......................................................2-11

Fractured seawall, damaged by storm forces. .......................................... 2-12

This welkonstructed concrete structure survived the storm with
little or no damage, even with 5 feet of erosion. ........................................ ~5

Posts are placed in excavated holes and may be anchored in a
concrete pad at the bottom of the hole. .................................................... 3--6

Posts can also be anchored in concrete encasement~.. .............................. ~7

Post on concrete bearing pad. ................................................................... 3-8
Post on earth bearing. ................................................................................ 3-8

Anchorage of post. . ................................................................................... ~9

Piles are mechanically driven into the ground and are
therefore less susceptible to high-velocity flooding, erosion,
conical scour, and pullout. ....................................................................... ~10

The depth of pile embedment provides stability by enabling
the pile to resist lateral and vertical loads through passive earth

pressure. .................... ................... .......................... ............. ..................... ~ 11

Post/pile foundation. .............................................................................. ~11

Wood stud breakaway wall (after FEMA 1986). ....................................... 3-14

Light-gauge metal stud breakaway wall (after FEMA 1986). ................... 3-15

Installation of cantilevered floor joists as a retrofit for an
elevated home to allow for a mechanical balcony. ................................... 3-16

Installation of a mechanical balcony as a retrofit for an

elevated home. ......................................................................................... ~16

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HURRICANE OPAL IN FLORIDA