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<br />Table 7. (Concluded) <br /> <br /> <br />Ecosystem, and other <br />information <br /> <br />Application rate and <br />other variables <br /> <br />Effects and reference <br /> <br />Iraqi date palm <br />(Phoenix sp.) <br />orchards <br /> <br />Turf <br /> <br />Emulsifiable concentrate <br />applied once after <br />fruiting and infesta- <br />tion with high pressure <br />ground sprayers at 0.98 <br />kg/ha to control insect <br />pests <br /> <br />1.12 kg/ha, emusifiable <br />concentrate, single appli- <br />cation, to control chinch <br />bug (Blissus leucopterus <br />listus) <br /> <br />the small lark carcasses, <br />nor were specific obser- <br />vations for toxic signs <br />conducted (McEwen et al. <br />1986). <br /> <br />Chlorpyrifos residues in <br />dates decreased from <br />1.28 mgjkg fresh weight <br />at day one postapp1ica- <br />tion to 0.2 mg/kg on day <br />15, to 0.05 on day 29, <br />and to nondetectable con- <br />centrations on day 71. <br />Concentrations of the <br />ch10rpyrifos oxygen ana- <br />log, however, after <br />reaching a peak of 0.5 <br />mgjkg on day 15, were <br />still detectable <br />(0.1 mg/kg) at day 85, <br />suggesting that dates <br />should be harvested at <br />least 8 weeks after <br />chlorpyrifos treatment <br />(Mansour 1985). <br /> <br />Most arthropods in turf <br />killed immediately <br />after application. <br />Target pest populations <br />remained depressed for <br />one year posttreatment, <br />but other insect popula- <br />tions recovered to levels <br />greater than controls <br />after 3.5 months (Streu <br />and Cruz 1972). <br /> <br />23 <br />