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<br />244
<br />
<br />D, F. Woodward ell/I,
<br />
<br />Table 4. Effects of exposing colonized artificial plate samplers for 96 hr to different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of live
<br />shale oil products. Each value is based on the total number of organisms collected from three replicate samplers for each concentration
<br />
<br />Product Percentage of total number No. Di versil \'
<br />and Total taxonomic of
<br />concentration Baelis Isoperla Braclzycentrus Chironomidae no. groups taxa
<br />Geokinetics
<br />Control" 20 16 14 26
<br />0,7 1b 7b 19 37 155 22 3,9
<br />1.5 2b 2b 40b 22 85 15 3.4
<br />2,3 Ob Ob 45b 9 22 8 2,7
<br />Tosco
<br />Control 24 15 19 25 211 21 3,4
<br />0.6 4b 11 15 41 168 22 3,)
<br />1.4 Ob 15 27 21 94 18 3.5
<br />3.1 Ob 3b 62b 5b 39 7 1.1'
<br />Paraho
<br />Control 5 17 12 43 166 18 3,(,
<br />0.7 Ob 19 13 31 104 21 3,(,
<br />1.3 Ob 12 8 24b 122 21 3,'
<br />2,6 Ob Ob 13 29 31 10 ' ~
<br />Paraho HDT
<br />Control 4 15 11 28 151 34 4.~
<br />0.5 5 5b 22b 2b 67 17 ),(,
<br />1.3 0 Ob 15 3b 40 16 ),7
<br />2,6 0 5 43b Ob 21 9 ~,~
<br />Paraho lP-4
<br />Control 42 19 10 7 173 18 2,~
<br />0,5 4b 6b 35b 8 52 14 ~ ,;
<br />1.5 3b 3b 42b 7 31 14 )(1
<br />
<br />" Sample not taken; values represent means from other control samples
<br />b Significantly different from control (X2, P ~ 0.05)
<br />
<br />Exposure to the WSF of Paraho HDT did not in-
<br />duce mortality in fish; however, sublethal effects on
<br />predator success were significant at the lowest ex-
<br />posure concentration of HDT. Although exposure
<br />to JP-4 produced neither mortality nor behavioral
<br />change in fish, this refined oil was as toxic as the
<br />crude shale oils to the invertebrates Isoperia and
<br />Baetis.
<br />The substantial difference in the effects of HDT
<br />and JP-4 is surprising, because of their similarities
<br />in composition. JP-4 was expected to be somewhat
<br />more toxic than HDT because of its higher concen-
<br />tration of diaromatics in the WSF. In any event, the
<br />effects of Paraho HDT were fairly similar to those
<br />of the crude shale oils, even though the composi-
<br />tions of the WSF of the crude oils included high
<br />concentrations of aromatics containing nitrogen
<br />and oxygen. Consequently, no simple correlation
<br />between chemical composition and toxicological
<br />effects was apparent in this study.
<br />Comparative acute toxicity data are available for
<br />JP-4 (Fisher et ai. 1985; Klein and Jenkins 1977).
<br />Investigations with fathead minnows and golden
<br />shiners (Notemiqonus crysoieucas) under static
<br />conditions resulted in 96-hr LC50s of 3.8 to 24
<br />
<br />
<br />mg/L. The 96-hr LC50 to fathead minnows ill I!
<br />present study exceeded the maximum tlow-throu.
<br />concentration of 2.1 mg/L.
<br />Swimming performance and predator/prey t;.,
<br />havior are often sensitive indicators of suhk:!
<br />stress (Little et ai. 1985). Changes in these elll;,
<br />behavioral responses can deleteriously intlul't1. (
<br />long-term survival. The behavioral impairment' <"
<br />served during the present study are consistent \'
<br />previous studies which examined behavioral ;,'
<br />rations induced by sublethal exposure to petn.k,
<br />hydrocarbons. Increased predation-induced n
<br />tality was associated with a loss of schoolin: .
<br />havior among fathead minnows exposed t(l \~
<br />ming crude oil (E. E. Little, unpublished dat;j I 1
<br />aromatic hydrocarbon, fluorene, impaired kc'
<br />efficiency and inhibited prey consumption ill r
<br />gills, Lepomis macrochirus (Finger ('{ 01. \YS'
<br />food consumption was inhibited in coho s;1I;-
<br />Oncorhynchus kisutch, following sublethal (\~'
<br />sure to crude oil (Fo]mar et ai. 1981), Gill 0;1:':';'
<br />and fin erosion induced in cutthroat trout f(llk~
<br />exposure to Wyoming crude oil (Woodward ( .
<br />1983) would also impair swimming capacit~
<br />Aquatic insects tested in this study reprl""
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