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<br />
<br />Toxicity of Shale Oil to Fish and Food Chain Organisms
<br />
<br />243
<br />
<br />Table 3. Effects from 96-hr exposure of the water-soluble fraction of five shale oil products on swimming performance and predator
<br />success of Colorado squawfish. and prey success of fathead minnows
<br />
<br /> Swimming performance
<br />Oil
<br />and Mean "':Jration of Swimming Predator Prey
<br />c:oncentration weight activity capacity success success
<br />lmg/L) (g) (s) (BL/S)b (% captured) (% escaped)
<br />Geokinetics
<br />Control I3 1,533 (59)a 4.0 (O.4)a 60 (75)a 59 (27)a
<br />0.8 10 1,350 (288) 3.7 (1.0) 49 (75) 63 (27)
<br />1.4 12 1,286 (264) 3.5 (0.7) 48 (75) 67 (27)
<br />2.2 II 1,521 (59) 4.1 (0.5) 31 (75)e 22 (27)e
<br />10sco
<br />Control 2,9 1,295 (265) 5,3 (1.3) 59 (75) 73 (30)
<br />0.9 3.1 1,104 (309) 4.4 (1.4) 41 (75)e 60 (30)
<br />J.I 3.1 1,134 (195) 4.5 (0.8) 35 (75)" 57 (30)
<br />1.8 3.0 1,006 (I 38)d 4.0 (0.5) o (75)" 20 (30)e
<br />Paraho
<br />Control 2.4 1,264 (208) 5.3 (I.3) 61 (75) 77 (30)
<br />0.5 2.2 1,119 (161) 4,9 (0,8) 44 (75)e 87 (30)
<br />0.9 2.2 1,144 (108) 4.9 (0.6) 15 (75)e 60 (30)
<br />1.7 2.2 1,084 (65)d 4.8 (0,5) 21 (75)e 37 (30)e
<br />Paraho HDT
<br />Control 3.7 1,239 (327) 4.7 (1.5) 41 (5 I) 67 (30)
<br />0.8 4.4 1,103 (270) 3.8 (0.9) 8 (51)e 77 (30)
<br />1.3 5.6 992 (114) 3.3 (0.4) 4 (51)" 60 (30)
<br />2.4 4,0 1,169 (299) 4.3 (1.2) o (51)e 70 (30)
<br />Paraho lP-4
<br />Control 4.0 1,466 (114) 5.3 (0.9) 64 (69) 47 (30)
<br />0.8 3.2 1,5 I3 (59) 6.1 (0.5) 65 (69) 33 (30)
<br />1.3 3.6 1,435 (185) 5,6 (1.0) 65 (69) 37 (30)
<br />2.1 3.8 1,556 (63) 5.9 (0.5) 65 (69) 37 (30)
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<br />'Numbers in parentheses represent standard deviations for size and swimming performance and number of observations for predator!
<br />~y success rates
<br />. Mean body lengths per second
<br />'Significantly different from control (X2, P '" 0.05)
<br />'Significantly different from control (LSD, P '" 0.05)
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<br />til products. On the other hand, Brachycentrus was
<br />ClIIe of the more tolerant genera; its percentage
<br />fOmposition of the total number increased as expo-
<br />lUre concentration increased. The Chironomidae
<br />trere intermediate in response.
<br />
<br />Discussion
<br />
<br />The chemical compositions of the WSF of the
<br />crude and refined shale oils are highly variable, and
<br />!he WSFs of the three crude oils differ significantly
<br />from the compositions of shale oils reported else-
<br />there (Ingram et ai, 1983, Ghassemi and Panahloo
<br />1984; Griest et ai. 1981). In general, crude shale oils
<br />tOntain about 20% alkanes, 45% aromatics, and
<br />1S% olefins and cycloaliphatics. Nitrogen and
<br />.wur heterocyclics are significantly higher in crude
<br />'-Ie oils than in petroleum crudes. Crude shale oil
<br />l$hYdrotreated to produce a transportable and suit-
<br />*e refinery feedstock. Hydrotreatment results in
<br />
<br />
<br />a reduction in nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclics, a
<br />reduction in aromatics, and an increase in ali-
<br />phatics as hydrogen is incorporated during treat-
<br />ment (Cada and Kenna 1985). Similar differences in
<br />composition were observed in this study when the
<br />WSFs of Paraho HDT were compared with those of
<br />Geokinetics, Paraho, and Tosco crude shale oils.
<br />The refined product, Paraho IP-4, was similar in
<br />composition to Paraho HDT, and the concentration
<br />of IP-4 in the WSF was similar to that reported by
<br />Fisher et ai. (1985).
<br />Aromatic components of these oils, including ni-
<br />trogen heterocyclics and phenols, are more soluble
<br />and much more toxic than the aliphatic components
<br />(Coleman et al. 1984; Rice et al. 1977). The devel-
<br />opment of concentrations of HDT and IP-4 in water
<br />high enough to induce lethality or to determine
<br />LC50 in fish was not possible. On the other hand,
<br />lethal water concentrations of the three crude shale
<br />oils were attained.
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