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<br />242
<br />
<br />D. F. Woodward fl ul
<br />
<br />Table 1. Concentration (mg/L) of different classes of organic compounds in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of five shale oil product,
<br />------
<br />
<br /> Shale oil products
<br /> -.
<br /> Crude
<br /> Upgraded Refined
<br />Compound Geokinetics Tosco Paraho Paraho HDT Paraho JI',
<br /> -.
<br />Aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and olefinic hydrocarbons
<br /> 5.2 0.33 1.6 18.5 14.5
<br />Aromatic and polar compounds
<br />Monoaromatic 3,7 2.9 0.38 8,8 8,5
<br />Diaromatic 0.98 0,30 0.08 0.05 0.66
<br />3-Ring aromatic 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.07 <0,01
<br />Aliphatic ketones <0.003 0.74 <0.003 <0.003 <O,OO~
<br />Phenols 4,6 2.0 1.9 <0.002 <0,002
<br />Pyridines 2.8 1.8 1.0 <0.002 <0.002
<br />Indoles 0.92 0.42 0,32 <0.003 <O,O<B
<br />Quinolines <0.002 0.32 <0.002 <0.002 <0,002
<br />Alkyl thiophenes 0.06 0.35 0.19 <0.001 <0.001
<br />Total 18,3 9.2 5.5 27,4 23,7
<br />
<br />Table 2. Toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of five shale oils
<br />to Colorado squawfish (CS), fathead minnows (FM), and cut-
<br />throat trout (CT)
<br />
<br /> Mean size LC50 (mg/L total oil)"
<br />Oil and exposure time (hr)
<br />fish Length Weight
<br />species (mm) (g) 48 96
<br />Geokinetics
<br />CS 120 12 4.5 (3.9-5.2), 4.5 (3,9-5.2)
<br />FM 30 0.24 2,9 (2.6-3.6) 2,9 (2,6-3.6)
<br />CT 51 1.1 1.8 (1.6-2.0) 1.8 (1.6-2.0)
<br />Tosco
<br />CS 77 3,1 >3.7 2.3 (2.0-2,7)
<br />FM 30 0.21 3.0 (2.6-3.4) 2,3 (2,1-2.5)
<br />CT 46 0.83 4.4 (3.7-5.2) 2.1 (1.7-2.4)
<br />Paraho
<br />CS 72 2.3 4.2 (3.5-5,0) 4.2 (3.5-5.0)
<br />FM 30 0.19 3.5 (3.2-3.8) >1.7<3.3
<br />CT 55 1.5 1.7 (1.4-2,1) 1.3 (1.0-1.6)
<br />Paraho HDT
<br />CS 87 4.4 >2.4 >2.4
<br />FM 37 0,39 >2.4 >2.4
<br />CT 41 0.88 >5.0 >5.0
<br />Paraho IP-4
<br />CS 84 3.7 >2.] >2.1
<br />FM 29 0.23 >2.1 >2.]
<br />CT 6] 1.9 >1.5 >].5
<br />
<br />" Values expressed as total oil concentration lethal to 50% of the
<br />test organisms (LC50); 95% confidence interval in parentheses.
<br />Test temperatures were 200C for CS and FM and \OoC for CT
<br />
<br />crude shale oils enabled us to measure 96-hr LC50s
<br />(Table 2). No mortality was observed in any of the
<br />high exposure solutions for Paraho HDT and
<br />Paraho JP-4. Comparisons of LC50s at 96 hr indi-
<br />cated that Colorado squawfish were slightly more
<br />tolerant than fathead minnows and cutthroat trout
<br />to the crude shale oils.
<br />
<br />t"
<br />
<br />Sublethal effects were observed at concentr"
<br />tions of one-half to one-eighth of those causin~
<br />acute toxicity (Table 3). Predator success was lh.
<br />most sensitive sublethal response measured. Swin'
<br />ming performance and prey success were reduc(,'
<br />significantly (P ~ 0.05) in the highest concentralil\:
<br />tested for Geokinetics, Tosco, and Paraho. :\,
<br />judged by sublethal effects, Paraho JP-4 was the
<br />least toxic oil, and Tosco, Paraho, and Paraho HDI
<br />were the most toxic (predator success was affecte':
<br />at less than 1.0 mg/L total oil).
<br />Stream colonization of the plate samplers pr..
<br />duced a community represented by four maJ"1
<br />orders of aquatic insects-Ephemeroptera. Pk
<br />coptera, Tricoptera, and Diptera-plus represent;,.
<br />tives of Coleoptera and Mollusca. Because of Ihe
<br />similarity of community response to some exposur,
<br />concentrations within an oil, only the effects fron. t',,'
<br />two or three of the five exposure concentration'
<br />along with the control were presented Crable 4 i
<br />After 96 hr in the control solution, invertebrate
<br />communities were composed of 18 to 34 taxa an,'
<br />151 to 211 total organisms. As the exposure con
<br />centration increased, total number of organism.
<br />and both number and diversity of taxa generally de
<br />creased. Response of the colonized community w;!-
<br />a sensitive index of toxicity when assessed on .
<br />taxon basis by percentage composition of total or
<br />ganisms, The most common genera or family reprc
<br />senting each of the major insect orders were Baell'
<br />Isoperla, Brachycentrus, and Chironomidae: the'
<br />composed more than 50% of the total organism-
<br />collected. The most sensitive of these genera wcr,'
<br />Baetis and Isoperla. One or both showed a sigOl!
<br />cant (P ~ 0.05) reduction in percentage compo'
<br />tion in the lowest concentration tested for all shal:
<br />
<br />T0
<br />t
<br />
<br />'1'bxicitY
<br />
<br />f.ble 3.
<br />success (
<br />--
<br />
<br />Oil
<br />',nd
<br />concentL
<br />(~)
<br />~
<br />(jeokinel
<br />Contro
<br />0.8
<br />1.4
<br />2.2
<br />Tosco
<br />Contro
<br />0.9
<br />1.1
<br />1.8
<br />Paraho
<br />Contro
<br />0.5
<br />0.9
<br />1.7
<br />Paraho H
<br />Contro
<br />0.8
<br />I.J
<br />2,4
<br />r-raho 1 I
<br />('ontro
<br />U.1l
<br />1.3
<br />2.1
<br />
<br />· Numbcl
<br />prey SUCl
<br />· Mean b
<br />t Signific,
<br />· Significl
<br />
<br />oil prod
<br />one of
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<br />.'cre in
<br />
<br />Discussi
<br />
<br />The ch
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<br />where (
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