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<br />Toxicity of Shale Oil to Fish and Food Chain Organisms
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<br />many of the same genera sampled in baseline
<br />studies of the oil-shale regions in Colorado (Erman
<br />1981; Pollard and Kinney 1979). The taxa common
<br />to all studies were the Chironomidae and the genera
<br />Ephemerella, Baetis, Rithrogena, Isoperla, Hy-
<br />dropsyche, and Hydroptila, Among these, Chirono-
<br />midae, Baetis, and Isoperla were selected for study
<br />because of their ubiquitous occurrence in field plate
<br />samples and their sensitivity to low concentrations
<br />of oil. Inasmuch as Baetis and Isoperla were the
<br />most sensitive genera, their absence could provide
<br />an early warning in the field of the occurrence of
<br />low levels (0.5-1.0 mg/L) of shale oil contamina-
<br />tion. Although fish mortality would be unlikely at
<br />these concentrations, impaired swimming perfor-
<br />mance and decreased predator success might be
<br />expected. Thus, the use of aquatic insects and fish
<br />behavior in this manner may provide a meaningful
<br />and realistic means of relating laboratory results to
<br />environmental effects monitored in the field.
<br />Actual concentrations of hydrocarbon contami-
<br />nants in a stream after a pipeline break or acci-
<br />dental spill depend on many factors. Under a simu-
<br />lated oil spill of 100 mg/L and the conditions
<br />presented in this study, an impact on aquatic or-
<br />ganisms was observed. The database needs to be
<br />expanded, but combined field and laboratory ap-
<br />proaches used in the present study provide a tech-
<br />nique useful in the field assessment of biological
<br />damage from shale oil spills. Benthic organisms
<br />avoid stress by drifting; and their relatively slow
<br />rate ofrecolonization after stress, gives this assess-
<br />lIent technique the advantage of being applicable
<br />days after contamination has occurred. A measure
<br />''or the degree of contamination could be estimated
<br />from the insect species affected, and contaminant
<br />stress to higher organisms of more economic or
<br />aesthetic value could be predicted.
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<br />Acknowledgments. We thank Jim Johnson and Bob Knowlton
<br />'ilr their respective assistance in chemical analysis and toxicity
<br />5ludies of the shale oils,
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