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fish species, and (5) method and thoroughness of application. <br />Wollitz (1962) reported a complete fish kill in a 5.2-ha Montana <br />pond after using rotenone at a concentration of 0.7 mg/L. <br />Clemens and Martin (1952) treated 18 Oklahoma ponds (surface area <br />ranged 1000 m2 to 1.7 ha) with rotenone (concentrations ranged <br />0.5-3.5 mg/L) to eradicate all fish. Complete elimination of <br />fish, however, was achieved in only two ponds, and in one case <br />only after a second treatment at 2 mg/L. In 15 of the 16 ponds <br />exhibiting an incomplete fish kill, only age-0 fish were present <br />after treatment, indicating that eggs and/or fry survived the <br />treatment. <br />Lakes and reservoirs have been successfully chemically <br />treated. Borovicka (1961) applied toxaphene (concentrations <br />ranging 0.01-0.1 mg/L) to 10 lakes and reservoirs (surface area <br />ranging 1.6 ha to 6.1 km2) and 50 liquid rotenone to tributaries. <br />A complete kill resulted from six of the treatments. Smith <br />(1959) reported that gizzard shad were drastically reduced in <br />three reservoirs (surface area of 43 ha to 14.6 km2) and <br />completely eliminated from a fourth (surface area 28 ha) after <br />applying rotenone at an average concentration of 0.1 mg/L. <br />Spitler (1970) found that complete kills resulted in 34 of 84 <br />Michigan lakes (surface area of 1600 m2 to 2.2 km2) after they <br />were treated with rotenone (concentrations ranged 0.5-10 mg/L). <br />Barrows (1939) reported a complete fish kill in Goose Lake <br />(surface area 30 ha), Yellowstone National Park after treatment <br />with 245 kg of derris root (5% rotenone). Tanner and Hayes <br />24