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1934, rotenone was used in the United States for the first time <br />as a piscicide (Hubbs and Eschmeyer 1938). From 1940 to 1970, <br />chemical-control projects were prolific throughout North America. <br />Efforts to identify selective toxicants were initiated in the <br />1950's and had limited success. The notable selective chemicals <br />are TFM for sea lamprey (Applegate et al. 1961) and squoxin for <br />northern squawfish (MacPhee and Ruelle 1969). Lennon et al. <br />(1970), Cumming (1975), Schnick (1974a, 1974b), and Bradbury <br />(1986) have throughly summarized the history and use of chemicals- <br />for control projects. <br />Most chemical-control projects have focused on small <br />streams, ponds, or lakes/reservoirs with varied success. <br />Rosenlund (in prep.) and Lentsch et al. (in prep.) identified <br />procedures for successfully treating streams. Gresswell (1991) <br />was successful in eradicating brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis <br />from Arnica Creek, a third-order tributary of Yellowstone Lake, <br />Wyoming. Stefferud et al. (1992) found that chemical treatment <br />eradicated nonnative trouts from streams of native gila trout <br />Oncorhynchus gilae. However, at least two consecutive years of <br />poisoning was required in both cases. Other studies have found <br />that chemical toxicants have reduced, but not eradicated, fish <br />populations in streams (Rockett 1975; Leppinik 1977; Avery 1978). <br />Lennon et al. (1970) identified five major factors involved <br />with success or failure of a chemical-control project in ponds, <br />lakes, or reservoirs: (1) water chemistry, (2) toxicant, (3) <br />formulation of toxicant, (4) differential toxicity to various <br />23