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<br />Quantity of Water Needed
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<br />STOCK POND DESIGN CRITERIA
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<br />The total quantity of water needed for livestock consumption at
<br />most stock ponds will not exceed 1 acre-foot annually. Reservoir stor-
<br />age in excess of that needed for stock watering is'used to offset losses
<br />from evaporation and seepage and for carryover between periods of no
<br />inflow. Because livestock consumption is usually minor compared to
<br />pond losses, recognition of this fact must be an important element in the
<br />des ign capac ity. However, only very unusual conditions would justify a
<br />capacity of more than 10 ac re -feet for a properly des igned stock pond
<br />that would ordinarily fill once a year.
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<br />Spacing of Ponds
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<br />In order to be most effective, stock ponds should be spaced to
<br />spread the grazing activities of the livestock utilizing them. Too many
<br />ponds will waste construction money because all will not be needed. More
<br />important, from a public standpoint, water will be wasted.
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<br />Another factor affecting stock pond spacing should be cons idered.
<br />In many areas of the S'::'uthwest little snowmelt water gets into these ponc:is
<br />becaus e of soil conditions and the absence of heavy snow cover. In thes e.
<br />areas, storage water must be obtained from summer storms. These
<br />summer storms are usually high in intensity, short in duration, and local
<br />in character. There is a strong tendency for stockmen to so scatter ponds
<br />over the range in order to increase chances of capturing runoff from local
<br />storms. How~ver, this does not generally justify a series of ponds along
<br />a relatively short stretch of one channel. As storms generally cover a
<br />drainage of a few square miles, the ponds should be sp:ced so as to assure
<br />the capture of sufficient water for range needs, but excessive storage,
<br />subject to heavy evaporation and seepage losses, should be avoided.
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<br />It is impossible to set forth fixed spacing requirements for live-
<br />stock water facilities because of the great variety of influencying factors.
<br />These factors include variation in type of terrain, temperatures during
<br />the grazing season, grazing capacity of the range, owner ship patterns
<br />resulting in extensive or intensive fencing of the range, kinds of livestock
<br />enterprises, and special systems of grazing that might be utilized to
<br />improve range condit ions. However, as a rule- of-thumb gu ide, stock
<br />water facilities, including stock ponds, need not be closer together than
<br />1 mile, and should not be further apart than about 3 miles on unfenced or
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