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001531 rolling to flat range. In unfenced rough country, where stock ponds would not be accessible to livestock by a direct route due to topographi- cal barriers such as gullies, extremely steep slopes or rock outcrops, minimum stock water spacing might be 1/2 mile and maximum spacing about 1 mile. Range fenced into pastures will need water for each pasture. Stock ponds should be located to serve as many pastures as possible. This can be done by piping water from a pond in one pasture to other pastures by providing fenced water access lanes, or by locating the pond along pasture boundaries wher'e it can be made available to more than one grazing area. Depths Most ponds are des igned on the basis of one filling each year. In these cases, design depths should be adequatet:O' furnish capacity for the needs of the livestock plus an allowance for expected evaporation and seepage losses. If it is necessary and desirable to carry water over from one year to the next, appropriate depths must be provided. Evaporation losses are minimized when stock ponds are designed with'minimum surface areas and maximum depths. However, other fac- tors influence what depths are practical. Minimum Dam Specifications and Design Standards All vegetable matter, together with boggy or unstable materials, should be removed from the area upon which the dam will rest and deposited outside the dam. The banks of the stream channel to be under the embank- ment should be dressed to a slope of 1 1/2 to lor flatter. For dams impounding water to' a depth greater than 10 feet, a cutoff trench with sloping s ides and a bottom width of not les s than 5 feet (preferably 10 feet) and a depth of at least 4 feet in loose soil or alluvium, or 1 foot into imper- vious mater ial, should be excavated in the foundation along the full length of the centerline of the propos ed dam. This trench should be refilled with the best soil materials available. The entire foundation of all dams should be scarified lengthwise of the dam to provide proper contact between the foundation and the dam embankment. Materials should be placed in the cutoff trench and in the embank- ment part of the dam in layers not exceeding 8 inches in thickness. Each layer should be compacted by a sheep foot roller or by some other stand- ard method to give an in-place density of at least 90 percent of maximum theoretical based on the Proctor standard tests. During the construction period, the top of the embankment should be maintained as a horizontal 41 ~~;~: .' ",..- '"".," <: :{:_>~;, I ;;,,- -,"./". ~:{~~;:~f "'..'."',', :-:<~::/~:, : '0~~~:';~f;. >:~~;:::;~~ ;.~:\/?;:: '.:';':--.;'':''.:' .c......,; ;:.~>:'::::./, " "'; ,~.--,< . ~ ':::, ",':."'.. x'J.;iif~; ~ >:,,;::-:,(,.; /;;.~~~:::;~~: ...:~;}< ~;~~;~:':<~~. :~:;t3i}~; : ,;".';'. :~;' . " "-'-" :::::/~;t~~, . :;;' '-';~:.::;> '1','.-' '--" , -~:,:~-'<' ::.:.~;,~~./~~.;: "/-C_;'.:_ ........ ....;;;::.:' ,c.: l ;;.j;-:"