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<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />17 <br />Human Factor Best Practices to Achieve Safety1 <br />General Design Features Organizational & Professional Practices Warning Signs <br />- Identification and application of accepted best practices. <br />- Design conservative safety margins in line with uncertainties and risks. <br />- Redundancy, robustness, and resilience. <br />- Progressive and controllable failure with warning signs, including accurate hazard classification and emergency action planning. <br />- Customization to project sites, including scenario planning during design and testing/adaptation during construction. <br />- Budget and schedule contingencies should be included. <br />- Sufficient budget and staffing resources. <br />- Internal organizational diversity and capability for challenge response. <br />- Recognizing limitations of knowledge and skills and defer to expertise. <br />- Learn from past mistakes. <br />- Cognitive diversity within teams for different perspectives, education, skills, experience, etc. <br />- Decision-making authority in line with responsibilities and expertise. <br />- Safety culture & safety-oriented personnel selection. <br />- Peer review & cross-checking <br />- Information sharing (allowing dissent) to ‘connect the dots’, including thorough documentation <br />- Diverse teams, but with leadership, continuity, and avoiding ‘diffusion of responsibility’ <br />- Use of customized checklists. <br />- Appropriate system models (possibly including human factors) and failure modes, and careful software use. <br />- Organized and readily available documentation. <br />- Professional, ethical, and legal/regulatory standards. Including the Professional responsibility to work within an individual’s area of expertise. <br />- Look for them actively and monitor, including after unusual events <br />- Investigate to understand their significance <br />- Address promptly and properly, with verification of follow-up <br />- Be suspicious during ‘quiet periods’ <br />Adequate technical training and continuing education including learning from failures and incidents <br />1. Adapted from the Human Factors in the Oroville Dam Spillway Incident – ASDSO Webinar, Presented by Irfan A. <br />Alvi, PE, Alvi Associates, Inc. <br /> <br />