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2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (4)
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2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (4)
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8/24/2016 2:18:41 PM
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DRMS Permit Index
Permit No
M2002004
IBM Index Class Name
GENERAL DOCUMENTS
Doc Date
7/8/2002
Doc Name
ATTACHMENT, PART 3
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HABITAT MGMT
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DRMS
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D
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SOIL O(PTH • <br />0 CM <br />8 10 12 14 16 18 8 10 12 14 16 <br />MOISTURE , % MOISTURE , % <br />Fig. 3 — Patterns of moisture withdrawal (highest moisture profile vs. <br />lowest moisture profile) in generic spoil (0 -cm soil depth) and in <br />40., 80, and 152 cm of soil overlying generic spoil. Open circles for a <br />given depth represent a significant difference in moisture using a <br />paired t test and a significance level of 0.05. <br />Sodic Spoil <br />This spoil type was characterized by pH values > 8.0, <br />by SAR values ranging from 25 to 81, and by low rates <br />of water infiltration ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 cm h - '. <br />Other physical and chemical traits of this spoil were <br />similar to those presented in Table 1 for generic spoil. <br />Of the four spoil types identified in this study, plant <br />establishment was at its lowest level in sodic spoil, thus <br />indicating that sodic spoil has little ability to support <br />biological activity. Two plots with sodic spoil, one in <br />Montana and one in North Dakota, were included in <br />this S1 •--' <br />over <br />signifl <br />overlyl <br />study. <br />migrated <br />this zone <br />construct( <br />1981. <br />402 J. En <br />18 <br />lal, (1983) found that when soil was placed <br />pan having a low hydraulic conductivity, <br />lilies of Na migrated 10 to 15 cm into <br />Similar results were obtained in this <br />rs after plot construction, Na had <br />to 14 cm into overlying soil. Sodium in <br />d from 2.9 meq L - ' at the time of plot <br />average of 11.7 meq L measured in <br />n <br />al., Vol. 13, no. 3, 1984 <br />Production of perennial grasses averaged 5 g m in <br />Toil; this level of production represented only 2 of <br />the maximum yield (Fig. 2). The sparse grasses found <br />growing in sodic spoil were stunted and failed to form <br />scedhcads during this study. With few exceptions, <br />production consistently increased from spoil to a soil <br />depth of 71 cm; this was followed by little change in <br />production as soil depth increased from 71 to 152 cm. <br />At the 71 -cm soil depth point, perennial grass produc- <br />tion averaged 229 g m and compared favorably with <br />undisturbed areas in excellent range condition in the <br />NGP. Grass production was greater than expected in <br />two areas of the plots; at a soil depth of 6 cm and at soil <br />depths of 147 to 152 cm. In both cases, the increase in <br />production was attributed to runoff entry from the <br />buffer zone rather than to soil depth. <br />Based on these data, maximum production of cool - <br />season perennial grasses can be expected once an aver- <br />age of 71 cm of soil is placed over sodic spoil. This con- <br />clusion agrees with that made by Power et al. (1981). <br />Using a similar experimental design and sodic spoil, <br />these authors concluded that production of crested <br />wheatgrass increased to a soil depth of approximately 70 <br />cm, and production remained relatively constant as soil <br />depth continued to increase from 70 to 190 cm. <br />Patterns of moisture withdrawal for sodic spoil were <br />the same as those presented in Fig. 3 for generic spoil; <br />penetration of roots into sodic spoil overlain with soil <br />appeared limited to a depth of approximately 10 cm. <br />DePuit et al. (1980, 1982) observed an abrupt decrease <br />in root biomass immediately below the soil /sodic spoil <br />interface. These authors related this rooting pattern to <br />the lateral spreading of roots along the interface and <br />suggested that the physical traits of the sodic spoil and <br />the effects of Na on inhibiting root elongation and <br />hastening root maturation favored lateral root develop- <br />ment. <br />Acid Spoil <br />Low values of pH ranging from 3.6 to 4.3 were the <br />distinguishing trait of this spoil type (Table 1). Despite <br />the acid conditions, levels of plant- available metals (in- <br />cluding Mn and Al) were within the range of those <br />measured for other spoil types. The level of carbonace- <br />ous material (as indicated by organic C) ranged from <br />< 1 to 20 0 7o. Spoil texture ranged from clay to sandy <br />loam and kaolinite was the dominant clay mineral. <br />Infiltration into acid spoil was at a moderate rate and <br />plant establishment in spoil was relatively high in view <br />of the acid condition. The migration of acids from spoil <br />into overlying soil was monitored during a 5 -yr period. <br />It was found that acidification extended from 5 to 10 cm <br />into overlying soil, and pH values of soil in this zone de- <br />creased from 1.0 to 1.8 units. The two plots having acid <br />spoil were located in Wyoming. <br />The response of perennial grass production to <br />increasing soil depth was essentially linear (Fig. 2), and <br />soil depth requirement to maximize cool- season grass <br />production was indeterminate. Acidification of the soil <br />immediately overlying the spoil presumably was a factor <br />contributing to this response pattern. Additionally, the <br />acid spoil may have mobilized unidentified toxicants, <br />
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