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2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (4)
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2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (4)
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DRMS Permit Index
Permit No
M2002004
IBM Index Class Name
GENERAL DOCUMENTS
Doc Date
7/8/2002
Doc Name
ATTACHMENT, PART 3
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HABITAT MGMT
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and spoil was similar, thus indicating that compaction <br />was not a factor in evaluating plant response to sub- <br />strate conditions. Plant establishment in soil was over <br />twice that measured in generic spoil, thus indicating sig- <br />nificant differences in the quality of the growth media. <br />The response of cool - season perennial grass <br />production to increasing soil depth over generic -type <br />spoil is presented in Fig. 2. As expected, production was <br />at its lowest point in spoil, where yield averaged 34 of <br />the maximum. A sharp increase in production to 50% <br />of the maximum yield was measured at a soil depth of <br />only 6 cm. Power et al. (1976) also found a dramatic in- <br />crease in plant growth when only 5 cm of soil was <br />applied to spoil. As soil depth increased, production <br />consistently increased to a peak value of 69 of the <br />maximum obtained at a soil depth of 50 cm. Grass pro- <br />duction decreased slightly in the 50- to 70 -cm soil depth <br />zone and displayed an irregular pattern of slight in- <br />crease and decrease in the soil depth range of 70 to 152 <br />cm. Based on this response, an average of 50 cm of soil <br />depth over generic spoil is required to maximize the pro- <br />duction of cool - season grasses. At this 50 -cm soil depth, <br />production averaged 141 g m -2 and compared favorably <br />with average forage yields of 112 to 168 g m -2 obtained <br />for rangelands in good to excellent condition in the <br />NGP (Soil Conservation Service, Gillette, WY, personal <br />communication). <br />Rooting depth, as indicated by patterns of moisture <br />withdrawal, is presented in Fig. 3. When spoil <br />composed the entire rooting zone, significant moisture <br />withdrawal was noted only at the 15- and 30 -cm depths; <br />field observations noted few roots below 20 cm and <br />virtually no roots below 30 cm. When soil depth was 40 <br />cm, significant moisture loss was detected to the 50 -cm <br />depth, and when soil depth was 80 cm, significant mois- <br />ture loss extended to the 90 -cm depth. At a soil depth of <br />152 cm, significant moisture withdrawal was measured <br />throughout the 110 -cm monitoring depth. These data <br />suggest that, despite a relatively high spoil moisture con- <br />tent, root penetration into spoil under soil averaged <br />only 10 cm. Research by McGinnies and Nicholas (1980) <br />indicated that the major portion of the perennial grass <br />rooting system was confined to soil, even when only a <br />shallow layer of soil overlaid spoil; similar results were <br />reported by DePuit et al. (1980), Wyatt et al. (1980), <br />Fehrenbacher et al. (1982), and Holechek (1982). These <br />authors attributed the lack of significant root develop- <br />ment to physical traits of spoil, a lack of adequate N <br />and P in spoil, adverse effects of soluble salts on root <br />growth, and species traits. Seven years after revegeta- <br />tion, Pedersen et al. (1978) found that grass roots con- <br />centrated along the soil /spoil interface, with few roots <br />penetrating into spoil. However, the importance of <br />deep roots to ecosystem stability is well documented. <br />Wyatt et al. (1980) observed that root biomass below 45 <br />cm at mining sites revegetated in the 1920's was approxi- <br />mately three times greater than root biomass at sites re- <br />vegetated within the last decade; differences were at- <br />tributed to species composition and time. Therefore, it <br />appears that initial root development in revegetated <br />areas is concentrated near the surface, and that a rela- <br />tively long time period may be necessary for roots to <br />make significant utilization of spoil underlying soil. <br />90- <br />80- <br />70- <br />60- <br />50- <br />40- <br />30- <br />20- <br />� <br />SO 75 <br />DEPTH OF SOIL OVER SPOIL, CM <br />SODIC SPOIL <br />Fig. 2 — Response of cool- season grass production (years and species <br />combined) to increasing soil depth over generic spoil In - 85), %odic <br />spoil (n = 18), and acid spoil (n - 25), and soil -like apoll (n - 14). <br />Vertical bars associated with mean values represent the 95% con- <br />fidence inlerval. <br />J. Lnviron. Qual., Vol. 13, no. 3, 1984 401 <br />
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