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91 <br />HALVORSON ET AL: TOPSOIL THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR RECLAMATION OF NONSODIC MINED -LAND 419 <br />ity of saturated soil. In C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil <br />Analysis, Part 1. Agronomy 9:210 -221: ' - <br />Klute, A. 1965b. Water capacity. In C.A. Black et aL;(ed.) Methods <br />of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Agronomy 9:273 -278. - - " <br />Luxmoore, R.I. 1981. Micro -, meso-, and macroporosity of soil. Soil <br />Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:671 -672. <br />Larson, W.E., R.F. Holt, and C.W. Carlson. 1978. Residues for soil <br />Conservation. p. 1 -15. In W.R. Oschwald fed.) Crop residue manx, : <br />agement systems. Spec. Pub. 31. American.SocietrofAgronomy; <br />Madison, WL ., ° " <br />Lyles, L, J.D. Dickerson, and LA: Disra 1970: ModiSed,rotary <br />sieve for improved accuracy. Soil Sci. 1 109:207 -210.: .. H=- '>' <br />McCalla, T.M 1945. Influence of micro - organisms and <br />ganic.substances on soil structure. Soil Sea. 59:2$7 - 297: <br />.D.E., and W.D. Kemper. 1962. Water stability of aggregates <br />"of two soils' as influenced by mcorpor'atio0 of alfalfa Agron.'7 <br />54:494-496. -" ,> - ;. • <br />>. s :. ,: = u►;, -, �. ri e�x.. t . <br />Olmstead, LB. 1946. The effect of long =time cropping SySteins <br />.. tillage practices upon soil aggregation at Hays, Kansas. Soil: Sci <br />g „. - 'rr •,., <br />= Sea Am. Proc. 11:89 -92:,, _' . - > =iJ?�• x�r�`:f� . °�- � °:rr- ;��, -.t- . <br />Rasmussen, P.E, R.R. Allmaras, C.R; Rohde, and N.C. Roager .lrt <br />1980. Crop residue influence on soii _Carbon, and nitrogen <br />wheat-tallow system. Soil Sci. Sod' Aar' J: 4d : 496 600. <br />Russell, E.W. 1978. Arable agriculture and soil deteribration.,p: 21 <br />, ;121 In 11th Cong. International Society' of Soii ScieneetSyin- <br />r- t posia Papers, VoL 3. Edmonton;_CanadiLd9.27 Jul <br />Sh5rley J.L; and G Regier. 1977 - Effect wheat- <br />axis 41:fr <br />practices in the continuous production of irrigated winter wheat. <br />Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Rep. MP- 1348C <br />Siddoway, F.H. 1963. Effects of cropping and tillage methods on <br />dry aggregate soil structure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:452 -454. <br />Skidmore; E.L 1975. Soil structure as influenced by freezing and <br />thawing. Agron. Abstr. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, <br />WI, p. 159. <br />Skidmore, E.L, W.A. Carstenson, and E.E. Banbury. 1975. Soil <br />changes resulting from cropping. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:964- <br />967. . <br />Skidmore, E.L, M. Kumar, and W.E. Larson. 1979. Crop residue <br />management for wind erosion control in the Great Plains. J. Soil <br />- Water Conserv. 34:90 -96, <br />Skidmore, E.L, and D.H. Powers. 1982. Dry soil- aggregate stability: <br />Energy -based index. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:1274 -1279. <br />Unger, P.W. 1969. Physical properties of Pullman silty clay loam <br />as affected by dryland wheat management practices. Texas Agric. <br />Exp. Stn. Misc. Rep. MP -933. <br />Unger P.W. 1982. Surface soil physical properties after 36 years of <br />cropping to winter wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:796 -801. <br />Unger. P.W., R.R. Allen, and J.J. Parker. 1973. Cultural practices <br />for irrigated wheat production. Soil Sci. Soc. Ain. Proc. 37:437- <br />442., - <br />Vomocil, J.A. 1965. Porosity. In C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of <br />Soil Analysis, Part 1. Agronomy 9:299 -314. <br />Woodruff N.P., and F.H. Siddoway. 1965. A wind erosion equa- <br />tion. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29:602 -608. <br />47_- _ ° <br />trenches were exava to' <br />three different spol 'tto <br />dice mesa requirements for crop prodmc <br />#'216trinlieriaL Yields of wheat (7111 . /9. ere <br />barley (Ilo rdewn <br />ii 11981 islgare L) i980 <br />c :*€ <br />;.• . ae.. <br />and_ 1983 were compared on pigs <br />4t opsof rePlaced over loamy sand sp�o <br />s t <br />z O <br />7 trawled with a* thicckn� ofrrep <br />"'trenches Shied with loamy sand spofl.Crbpllelds were grester -'-_ - <br />subsoihwas replaced than when no subsoll Was :replaced ern , <br />. - sand •spoil at a given topsoil tbicicnese.`llmage jklds:from,the3 " <br />trenches were equal to or better than average yields-frae ndis7 ,, <br />tirbed plots in 1979 and 1983. On irrigated plate in 1983, response <br />of silage and Corn grain to subsoil/spod t real me b_,_r+as similar ti <br />- the ironirrigated plots. Wheat grown oa irrigated :plots'in 1987 # dM W; <br />"sot respo significantly fan topsoil thiciciiest of subsoil�sp treat= <br />meals. At least 0.69 m of topsoil plus tidied was required 10 achieie; <br />- highest yields on nonsodic, nonsaline; loamy sand spoil, b ut 0.46 to. ` - <br />_ 0.69 m of topsoil was ruff dent for higbesl Welds en cbgbanilina- <br />dity day loam nonsaline, nonsodic spofi. Crop yields were not <br />- awned by broadcast applications of N and P fertilize . - - <br />• Additional Index spoil, Triticumm aestirsn, Horrletni rul- <br />Pre, Zes mays, production; nonsaline.' <br />Halvorson, GA, S.W. Melsted,. S.A. Schroeder, C.M. Smith; and, <br />M.W. Pole. 1986. Topsoil and subsoil thickness requirements for <br />' Contribution from the Land Reclamation 'Research Center <br />C), North Dakota State Univ., Box 459, Mandan, ND 58554. <br />ived 24 Dec. 1985. ' <br />2 Halvorson and Schroeder are Associate Soil Scientists, LRRC; <br />M elsted is retired Research Scientist, LRRC; Smith is former Head, <br />. of Soils, currently Soil Scientist, CSRS/USDA, Washington, <br />and Pole is former Research Associate, Dep. of Soils, North <br />Dakota State Univ., currently Manager of Compliance and Reels-, <br />motion, North American Coal Corp., Bismarck, ND. -- - <br />#.J <br />nts for_:Reclaination of Nonsodic Mined -land' <br />M. SMITH, AND M. W. POLE , <br />P ;S -1, - >: • , <br />lion of nonsodic mined -land. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:419- <br />l <br />HE L IGNITEMrrimiG - AREAof North Dakota is 10 <br />- sated in two main h io hic regions. Ys gmP egions. The re- <br />gion located south - and west of the Missouri River has <br />soils developed primarily from soft" shale, siltstone, <br />. and some sandstone of the Bullion Creek and Sentinel <br />Butte formations overlying the - coal deposits (Wali and <br />Sandoval, 1975). These materials often are saline or <br />sodic_ The region located north and east of the Mis- <br />souri River has soils developed mainly on glacial till, <br />which it generally nonsaline and nonsodic. Almost all <br />previous experiments on topsoil and subsoil thickness <br />requirements in North Dakota were conducted in the <br />region south and west of the Missouri River. <br />Replacing topsoil on spoil is one of the most effec- <br />tive methods of restoring productivity to strip -mined <br />lands (Merrill et al., 1980), but the thickness of soil <br />replacement required for maximum production is af- <br />fected by spoil characteristics. Maximum production <br />on 15 wedge plots in the Northern Great Plains was. <br />achieved with 0.50 m of soil placed on generic spoil, <br />0.71 m on sodic spoil, and 0 m on soil -like spoil (Barth <br />and Martin, 1984). On a wedge experiment initiated <br />in 1974 to determine topsoil and subsoil thickness re- <br />quirements on spoil with a Na adsorption ratio (SAR) <br />of 25 (Power et al., 1981), largest yields were obtained <br />on 0.2 m of topsoil placed on 0.55 to 1.10 m of non - <br />sodic subsoil. These researchers concluded that 0.9 m <br />of soil material is required to obtain maximum pro- <br />duction of most crops under the climatic conditions <br />encountered. They also found no difference in yields <br />between subsoil wedge plots covered with 0.20 and <br />