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Site
<br />Ungrazed
<br />Total
<br />Grazed
<br />Total
<br />Fresh stockpile
<br />1- year -old
<br />stockpile
<br />652
<br />Depth
<br />0 -15 3985+
<br />0 -2.5
<br />0 -7.5
<br />'2.5 -7.5
<br />7.5 -15
<br />4660
<br />7240
<br />2580
<br />510
<br />0 -15 7750
<br />0-7.5
<br />Germinable seeds j
<br />(cm) Mean 95% confidence limit
<br />0 -2.5 2235+ 1465 -3000 58 2.99 Artemsia dracunculus
<br />0 -7.5 2980+ 1960 -4005 3.02 Melilotus officinalis
<br />'2.5 -7.5 745+ 16 Bouteloua gracilis
<br />7.5 -15 1005 60 -1950 26 1.79 = Conyza canadensis
<br />- y'. =' Hedeoma hispida
<br />3195 -6120
<br />4990 -9490
<br />0 -1065
<br />255++ 48362
<br />0 -7.5 520 ++ 113 -927
<br />'calculated by difference of 0-2.5 and 0.75 cm levels, confidence limits could not be calculated
<br />+significantly fewer seeds than equivalent depth level on grazed site P5.05). -
<br />+ +number of seeds on stockpiles not significantly different from each other but significan
<br />Literature Cited
<br />Barton, L.V. 1962. The germination of weed seeds. Weed Sci. 10:174 -182.
<br />Barzaz, F.A. 1970. Secondary dormancy in the seeds of the common ragweed Ambro-
<br />sia artemisafolia. Bull: Torrey Bot. Club 97:302 -305.
<br />Bazzaz, F.A. 1979. The physiological ecology of plant succession. Ann. Rev. Ecol.
<br />Syst. 10:351 -371. '
<br />Beauchamp, H., R. Lang, and M. May. 1975. Topsoil as a seed source for reseeding
<br />strip mine spoils. Res. J. 90, Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Wyoming. - ` =
<br />Best, K.F., J. Looman, and J.B. Campbell. 1971. Prairie grasses. Can. Dept. Agr.
<br />Publ. 1413. 239 p.
<br />Brenchley, W.E. 1944. Weed control and the dormancy of weed seeds. J. Ministry of
<br />Agr., United Kingdom 50:452 -455.
<br />Brenchley, W.E., and K. Warington. 1930. The weed seed population of arable soiL 1.
<br />Numerical estimation of viable seeds and observations on their natural dormancy.
<br />J. Ecol. 18:235 -272.
<br />Brenchley, W.E., and K. Warington.1933. The weed seed population of arable soil. 11.
<br />Influence of crop, soil, and methods of cultivation upon the relative abundance of
<br />viable seeds. J. Ecol. 21:103 -127.
<br />Brenchley, W.E., and K. Warington. 1936. The weed seed population of arable soil.
<br />111. The re -establishment of weed species after reduction by fallowing. J. Ecol.
<br />24:479 -501.
<br />Brenchley, W.E., and K. Warington. 1945. The influence of periodic fallowing on the
<br />prevalence of viable weed seeds in arable soil. Ann. Appl. Biol. 32:285 -296.
<br />Brophy, L. 1980. Viable seed populations in soils of revegetated North Dakota coal
<br />strip mines. Proc. N.D. Acad. Sci. 34:22.
<br />Budd, A.C., W.S. Chepil, and J.L. Doughty. 1954. Germination of weed seeds. 111.
<br />The influence of crops and fallow on the weed seed population of the soil. Can. J.
<br />Agr. Sci. 34:18 -27.
<br />Chepil, W.S. 1946. Germination of weed seeds. I. Longevity, periodicity of germina-
<br />tion, and vitality of seeds in cultivated soil. J. Agr. Sci. 26:307 -349.
<br />Chippindale, H.G., and W.E.J. Milton. 1934. On the viable seeds present in the soil
<br />beneath pastures. J. Ecol. 22:508 -531.
<br />Connel, J.H., and R.O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communi-
<br />ties and their role to community stability and organization. Amer. Nat. 111. 1119-
<br />11
<br />Darlington, H.T. 1931. Dr. W.J. Beals seed viability experiment. Amer. J. Bot.
<br />18262 -265.
<br />Darlington, H.T. 1941. The sixty -year period of Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment.
<br />Amer. J. Bot. 28:271 -273.
<br />Dunham, R.S., A.H. Larson, and R.G. Robinson. 1947. Weed seedlings. Minn. Agr.
<br />Exp. Sta. Bull. 397:1 -36.
<br />Dwyer, D.D., and E. Aguirre V. 1978. Plants emerging from soils under three range
<br />condition classes of desert grassland. J. Range Manage. 31:209 -212.
<br />Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern
<br />United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 810 p.
<br />59
<br />35
<br />6
<br />Seed Important species
<br />diversity (>5% of total)
<br />3.63
<br />,.3.05
<br />1.25
<br />Conyza canadensis
<br />Festuca octollora
<br />Hedeoma hispida
<br />Cerastium brachypodum
<br />Plantago patagonica
<br />2.32 Andropogon gerardi
<br />A. scoparius
<br />Agrostis scabra
<br />Bouteloua gracilis
<br />Festuca octollora
<br />Artemesia frigida
<br />Conyza canadensis
<br />Androsace occidentalis
<br />Bouteloua gracilis
<br />. Festuca octoflora
<br />% of
<br />total
<br />28
<br />16
<br />8
<br />5
<br />5
<br />19
<br />14
<br />13
<br />10
<br />8
<br />20
<br />20
<br />20
<br />20
<br />20
<br />22
<br />22
<br />11 : --
<br />11
<br />11
<br />nngrazCd'sites (0 cm; P5..00!)
<br />es ais vegetation processes. John Wiley, Chichester,
<br />role ofpioneering specks on the reclamation of North Dakota`
<br />Dissertation; Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks,
<br />all.`1982. Rec mation of coal - mined lands: the role,of
<br />attd other pioineert; Rec. and Re veg. Res. I:123 k
<br />196ECootent efburied seeds in arable soil in Denmark and its relation
<br />ulatiorr. Dansk Botariisk Arkiv 27:1 • i ' _
<br />Johoat¢o; -`X.; a' wulik :; ?W . Stringer, 1968. Viable seed po pulations in
<br />Alberti peaide fopaotls. ,Cu 1 P1 Sci. 49 :75 - 82. - -
<br />Uppert. R.D, and H.H. Hoptloa.1950. Study of viable seeds in various habitats in
<br />nixed prsitrie: Kan'Aead. Sci,' Trans. 53:355 -364. -_ < % -
<br />Major, Jy aid W.T.I'yott.1966..Buried, viable seeds in two California bunchgrass
<br />sites and their bearing on the definition of a flora. Vegetatio 13:253 - 282.', . -=
<br />�►1eRil1, M.,and G.R: Segar 1973; Earthworms and seeds. Nature 24 -482, , -
<br />Milton W.E.L 194*. Theburied viable seed content of upland soils in Montgomery' -
<br />• =' shire. Empire t Exp Agr `16163- 177. Mortimer, 10 Studies of germination and establishment of selected species
<br />- with special reference to the of Ph.D. thesis, University College of North
<br />'f=' Wales, 'Bangor; '?„h tt Z ` _ -• `t.. -
<br />Noble, I.R , and R.0 Shafer. 1988. The use of vital attributes to predict successional
<br />changes in plant,communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 43:5 -21. --
<br />Prince, F.S., and A.1R. Hodgdon: 1946. Viable seeds in old pasture soils. N.H. Agr. -
<br />Exp. "Sts. Tech.'BuII. 89:3 16. ! `: ' ' - .
<br />Rabinowitz, D. 1981. Buried viable seeds in a North American tall -grass prairie: the
<br />resemblance of their abundance and composition to dispersing seeds. Oikos 36:191-
<br />Roberts, H.A. 1963. Studies on the weeds of vegetable crops. 111. Effect of different
<br />primary cultivations on the weed seeds in the soil. J. Ecol. 51:83 -95. " '
<br />Roberts, H.A. 1968. The changing population of viable weed seeds in an arable soil.
<br />. - - Weed Res. 8:253 -256.
<br />Roberts, H.A., andJ.E.Nellson.1981. Changes in the soil seed bank of four long -term
<br />crop /herbicide 1 appl. Ecol. 18:661 -668.
<br />Robinson, R.G. 1949. Annual weeds, their viable seed population in the soil, and their
<br />effect on yields of oats, wheats, and flax. Agron. J. 41:513 -518. _ .
<br />Stevens, O.A. 1963. North Dakota plants. ND Inst. for Regional Studies, Fargo, ND.
<br />324 p.
<br />Thompson, K., and 32. • Grin e.'1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of
<br />herbaceous ° species in ten contrasting habitats. J. Ecol. 67:893 -922.
<br />Thurston, J.M. 1960. Dormancy in weed seeds. Pages 69-82 in Harper, J.L. ed. The
<br />Biology of Weeds. Blackwell Sci. Pub., London, U.K.
<br />Van Bruggen, T.1976. The vascular plants of South Dakota. Iowa State Univ. Press,
<br />Ames. 538 p. " -
<br />Whitman, W.C. and M.K. Wag, 1975. Grasslands of North Dakota. Pages 53 -73 in
<br />Wali, M.K. ed. Prairie: a multiple view. Univ. North Dakota Press, Grand Forks,
<br />ND.
<br />JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 35(5), September 1982
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