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Table 4. Bank Density, Swell Factor and Percent Free Swell for Selected Rocks and Soils <br />Sedimentary Rocks or Soils Bank Density Swell Factor Free Swell <br />Clay, natural 126 PCF 0.82 22% <br />Coal, anthracite 100 PCF 0.74 35% <br />bituminous 80 PCF 0.74 35% <br />Conglomerate 153 PCF 0.72-0.63 40-60% <br />Earth, wet 126 PCF 0.79 27% <br />loam 96 PCF 0.81 23% <br />Gravel, pit run 135 PCF 0.89 12% <br />Limestone 155-163 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75% <br />typical values 0.59 69% <br />Montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolin 141 PCF 0.77 30% <br />illite, smektite <br />Sand, dry 100 PCF 0.89 12% <br />damp 120 PCF 0.89 12% <br />wet 130 PCF 0.89 12% <br />Sandstone 153-157 PCF 0.60 67% <br />Shale, mudstone 104 PCF 0.75 33% <br />Siltstone, hard 153-157 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75% <br />soft 126 PCF 0.82 22% <br />Free swell (%) =change in volume broken as a percent of original bank volume <br />Swell factor =broken density/bank density <br />Adapted from: Caterpillar, Inc., 1987, Caterpillar performance handbook, p 740 and Euclid Road <br />Machinery Co., 1953, Estimating production and costs <br />C-15 <br />DBMS 307 <br />