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• SOIL SURYEY filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well Capability subclass ILs irrigated. 2-Altvan loam, 1 to 3 percent elopes. This is a deep, weII drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,600 to 4,900 feet It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small, long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits Typically the surface layer of this Altvan soil is grayish brown loam about 10 inches thick The subsoil is brown and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam about 14 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy sand about b inches thick over gravelly sand- Permeability and available water capacity are moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard ie low. This soil is seed almost entirely for irrigated crops It is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 to .4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper water application. All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- rigation is the most rnmmon. Barnyard manure and cem- mercial fer~tilirzr are needed for top yields. Windbreaks and environmental pLmtins of trees and shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well suited to this soil Cultivation to control competing vegetation should be continued for as malty years as possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern r+edcedaz, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilaq Siberian peashrub, and American plum. This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly suitable for openland wildlife including pheasant, cotton- tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife, espevlally pheasant Tree and shrub plantings and undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil- dlife populations. This Altvan soil has Fair to good potential for urban and recreational development The chief limiting soil fea- tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten- tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the substratum does not contain enough fines to properly filter the leachate. Sewage Lagoons require sealing. Laws, shrubs, and trees grow well Capability subclass IIe imgated. 3-Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum. This nearly level map unit is on bottom lands and flood plains of all the major streams in the survey area. Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer, make up about li0 percent of the unit Aquents, which have a lighter colored surface L;yer, make up about 35 percent About b percent is Aquepta and Bankard sandy loam. These are deep. poorly drained sobs that formed in recent alluvium No one pedon is typical Commonly the soils have a mottled, madly alkaline to moderately al- kaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying material and are underlain by sand or sand and gravel within 48 inches La pLrcea they have a gleyed layer in the underlying material Most of the acreage is subject to flooding. The water table is at or near the surface early in spring and recedes to as deep as 48 inrhes late in fall in some years These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat Some small auras have been reclaimed by major drainage and leveling and are used for irrigated crops The potential native vegetation is dominated by alkali eacaWn, awitchgrass, and western wheatgrasv. Saltgrass, sedge, rush, and alkali bluegrass are also prominent Potential production ranges from 3,000 pounds per sue in favarahk: years W 2,000 pounds in unfavorable years Aa range rnndition deteriorates, the awitchgrass, alkali sacaWn, and western wheatgrass decrease and ealtgrass, sedge, and rush increase. Management of vegetation should be based on taking half and leaving half of the total annual production Seed- ing is difScult and costly because numerous tillage prac- tices are required to eliminate the saltgrass sod. Switchgrass, western wheatgrass, alkali eacaton, tall wheatgrsss, and tall fescue are suitable for seeding. They can be seeded into a clean, four seedbed. Seedbed preparation usually requires more than 1 year to eliminate the ealtgrass cod. A grass drill should be used. Seeding early in spring has proven most successful Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover, as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland, where wildlife obtain much of their food and fmd protec- tive cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and openland wildlife. Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for cover and nesting. Deer fmd excellent cover in some areas These valuable wildlife areas should be protected from foe and fenced to prevent encroachment and overuse by livestock. They should not be drained. These soils have goad potential as a source of sand and gravel Capability subclass VIw; Salt Meadow range site. 4-Aquolls and Aquepta, flooded. This nearly level map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along the bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey area Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer, make up about 55 percent of the unit. Aquepts, which have a lighter colored surface layer, make up about 25 percent. About 20 percent is soiLS that are well drained and soils that have sandstone or shale within 48 inches of the surface.