PERMFILE128845

• Permit No: C1980005
• IBM Index Class Name: Permit File
• Doc Date: 12/11/2001
• Doc Name: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 008 POND TR 12
• Section_Exhibit Name: TAB 05 APPENDIX 5-3
• Media Type: D
• Archive: No

13
There is evidence of Fremont occupations as far east as
• Routt National Forest, and they are well known from sites
along Douglas Creek (Creasman 1981) and in Dinosaur National
Monument (Breternitz 1970). Fremont site types include
rock art locations, camps, rock shelters, lithic scatters,
granaries, and Gists. Characteristics include masonry
structures, the presence of cultigens, ceramics such as
Uinta Grey and Emery Grey ware, and point styles such
as Rose Springs. One of the cultural zones at the Lay
Site produced Rose Springs point (O'Neil 1980). Grady
___ ( 1 989 ) cited 56 radiocarbon dates from 28 sites in northwestern
Colorado assigned to the Formative stage, ranging from
ca. A.D. 405 to 1280. One component of site SRT139, in
the Seneca II mine area, can be placed in the Formative
stage, dating to A.D 820 (Tucker 1981).
The Proto-Historic stage is noted by Guthrie et al. (1984)
as a post-Formative archaic life style. It is characterized
by the appearance of the Ute and Shoshone peoples on the
Colorado Plateau. Attributes include the presence of
wickiups, Euro-American trade items such as glass beads,
equestrian rock art, "Intermountain" pottery, and small
arrow points, such as the Cottonwood series and Desert
Side-Notched style. Grady (1984) counted 154 sites in
northwestern Colorado which could be assigned to the Proto-
Historic stage, with 11 radiocarbon dates from eight sites
• ranging from A.D. 1330 to 1685. A Late Prehistoric point
was found at site SRT987 near the Seneca II mine (Conner
and Langlon 1985).
The Historic period began with the entrance of Euro-Americans
into the region. Spain claimed western Colorado as part
of its colony based in Mexico. In 1776 ttie Spanish priests
Dominguez and Escalante tried to blaze a trail from the
settlements of New Mexico to the missions of California,
and their journey took them through northwestern Colorado
(Bolton 1951). After Mexico achieved independence from
Spain in 1821 American fur traders based in New Mexico
explored the Colorado Plateau. One of these, Antoine
Robidoux, established a trading post on the Uncompaghgre
River (Hill 1930). The only resource known in this area
which can be dated to the fur trade period is the remains
of Fort Davy Crockett, a post operated in Brown's Park
from about 1837 to 1841 , which was excavated in 1980 (Friedman
et al. 1981).
Western Colorado became part of the United States at the
end of the Mexican-American War in 1898. Flowever, this
region was given to the Utes by treaty, and not until
the Indians were removed was there an opportunity for
permanent settlement by whites. The incident which precip-
itated the removal of the Utes was the killing of Indian
• Agent Nathan Meeker at the White River Agency in 1879.
Two years later the Utes were forced to a new reservation