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~`^' 2 7 employees which became known as the "Battle of Segundo." Although not much of a real battle, this fracas did result in two men being killed and three or four wounded. The Allen Mine, located 30 miles west of Trinidad, opened in 1953. A branch of the C b W was built from Weston up the Middle Fork of the Purgatoire and completed in January 1952. The Maxwell Mine opened 2.2 miles east of the Allen Mine in April 1977. The Allen and Maxwell Mines are now operated by Wyoming ' Fuel Company as the New Elk and Golden Eagle Mines, respectively. ` f ~: J The Frederick Mine closed in 1960. The company houses and other buildings on the south side of the river were razed. Old ~ Segundo (Varros) on the north bank was left more or less intact, ~ although the roundhouse was razed in 1963. The coke ovens were removed just recently. ~ At the same time as these events were transpiring in the Upper Purgatoire River Valley, the rest of the area was also booming. Other mining company towns were developed, and Trinidad and ' Walsenburq flourished as service centers for these towns. Trinidad grew from a population of 1,100 in 1876 to 6,000 in ,~ 1882. The railroads and mining established a cash economy in the region which gradually broke down the traditional plaza social ` ~, system. Young men left the plaza and went to work for wages at mines, on the railroads, and in the towns. The ethnic composition of the workers also changed as mining and railroad ~_ companies hired Italian, Japanese, Slav, Mexican, English, i German, Irish, Welsh, French, and Swedish immigrants. I `-~ Labor Unrest and Economic Boom (1900-1920) ~ After 1900, CF & I opened a number of mines in the region, a; including the Primero, Tercio, Cuatro Mines and the washeries and :~ coke ovens at Segundo. A company policy of hiring different ethnic groups as cheap labor caused much tension among indigenous (:, ' workers and eventually led to violence.. The miners went on < ~i strike in 1903-1904, a move which did not appreciably change , ``~ conditions but was a turning point in company-employee relations. _ _ A second miner's strike in 1913 differed from the first in that the strikers were willing to use any means, including violence, to accomplish their ends. The company was determined as well to prevent what they saw as a covert attempt to unionize all the ~.,. mines. On April 19, 1914, the Colorado National Guard attacked a striker's camp at Ludlow Station north of Trinidad, killing six strikers and 13 women and children. This raid destroyed the credibility of the company and the National Guard and hardened the resolve of the strikers. Finally, well-disciplined Federal troops were sent in and they stayed until 1915, managing to keep violence under control. After this time, more and more of the miner's demands were granted by the company, possibly because the fit to d tt li d it t th i b l ze ene o so. er rea was o e a r