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for TDF and FF at the Lyons plant are both considerably lower than those reported in most <br />other cement kiln emission tests. Acetaldehyde is much less carcinogenic than formaldehyde <br />and is typically not a risk driver for cement kiln emissions. <br />2.3.4 Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) <br />The VOC emissions for the two fuel sources differed in both amount and types of chemicals <br />measured. In the FF test, carbon disulfide had the highest emission rate followed by 1,4- <br />dioxane. Small amounts of benzene, methylene chloride, ethanol and bromomethane were <br />also detected. In contrast, in the TDF emission test the predominant VOCs were benzene and <br />acetone with smaller amounts of chloromethane, bromomethane, toluene, tetrachlorethane, <br />propylene, carbon disulfide, and methylene chloride. All of the VOC emission rates for both FF <br />and TDF were relatively low from a potential health risk perspective. <br />2.3.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) <br />PCBs emission rates were below detection for both FF and TDF (Table 5) <br />2.3.6 Dioxins/Furans <br />Dioxins/furans as reported in TCDD equivalents (TEOs) were low in the FF tests, (similar to <br />previous MACT test results), and were primarily detected in Run #1 (see Appendix B). <br />Subsequent runs with FF measured much lower levels and the results were very close to the <br />detection limits. The average TEO for the FF tests was 0.02 ng/m3, which was barely above the <br />detection limit (Table 6). <br />In terms of both individual congeners and total congeners, PCDD TEOs in the TDF emission <br />tests were below the detection limit for all three runs on average. <br />2.3.7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) <br />The effect of fuel source on PAHs was mixed as shown summarized in Table 7. For example, <br />compared to FF, TDF as the fuel source caused selected PAHs to: <br />• increase (naphthalene, acenapthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene ). <br />• stay approximately the same (2 chloronapthylene, benzo(a)anthracene, <br />benz(b)fluora nthene). <br />• decrease (fluorene, , benzo(g,h,i)perylene, 2-methylnapthalene). <br />In terms of human health risk assessment, carcinogenic PAHs (often reported in terms of <br />benzo(a)pyrene or B(a)P equivalents4) are typically of most interest. <br />• Benzo(a)pyrene was not detected in the FF emission tests and it was detected in <br />only one TDF run. <br />• While both FF and TDF emission rates for B(a)P equivalents were detected <br />analytically, the concentrations were so low that they do not make any quantitatively <br />significant contribution to the overall risks. <br />11 <br />