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Pikeview Quany Environmental Assessment Page 44 ' <br />be predictrlble but extend beyond the period of construction and may become permanent. <br />(40 CFR 1508). In this EA, long-term effects refer to impacts occurring within the <br />foreseeable future (10 to 20 years). Certain impacts discussed in the following sections ' <br />may not occur in a much farther point in time. Due to the extremely long timeframe <br />associated with certain potential impacts and variables such as climatic conditions that <br />aze difficult to forecast, these impacts can not be described or quantified in this EA. t <br />Shor[-term and long-term effects can be direct or indirect. A direct effect is caused <br />by action and occurs at the same time and typically in the same vicinity of the action. An , <br />indirect effect is a reasonably foreseeable impact that is also caused by the action but is <br />removed b:y time oI distance. Cumulative effects are an aggregate of the incremental <br />direct and indirect effects of an action when added to past, present and reasonably ' <br />foreseeable: future actions, including activities by other parties. (40 CFR 1508.7) <br />In the following discussion of environmental consequences, the potential effects of ' <br />each altemative aze described for each resource category and where applicable identified <br />as direct, indirect and/or cumulative. This chapter also describes potential unavoidable <br />adverse impacts and irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources. ' <br />4.3 Summary of Alternatives <br />1 <br />4.3.1 Alternative A: No Action <br />Under [he No Action Alternative, the mining activity would continue for about 5 to , <br />8 years, and reclamation of some areas in the quarry would be implemented according to <br />[he base reclamation plan already permitted by the Division of Minerals and Geology ' <br />(DMG). The Pikeview Quarry currently produces, in average, 1,115,000 tons of <br />limestone per year. <br />4.3.2 Alternative B: The Proposed Action <br />Under the proposed action, the head wall on the western boundary of the quarry ' <br />would be cut back onto National Forest System land and reclaimed in three phases: 1) <br />pre-production, production and initial fill operations in the National Forest System lands; <br />2) production and reclamation in both forest lands and in currently permitted areas; and , <br />3) production and reclamation in private lands already permitted. Part of the reclamation <br />phase would be implemented concurrently with the production phase. The purpose and <br />need for the proposed project would be to mitigate visual impacts that currently exist and , <br />to reduce potential slope instability hazards in the future. <br />This altemative would also allow the quarry to remove approximately 1,900,000 ' <br />tons of additional limestonel~ (about 1,056,000 tons of saleable limestone for concrete <br /> <br />I ~ An additional 7,600,000 tons of decomposed granite would be used as backfill at the bottom of the quarry. <br />Hydrosphere Resource Consultants, 1002 Walnut Street Suite 200, Boulder, CO 80302 <br />1 <br />