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~ • ! <br /> <br />1 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />1 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />1 <br /> <br /> <br />CYANIDE 15 <br />Table 2. Background concentrations of cyanide in selected lining resources and nohbiological mate- <br />rials. Values are in milligrams total cyanide per kilogram fresh tueight or milligrams per liter. <br />Environmental Concentrations <br />compartment (mg/kg or mg/L) Referenceb <br />Biological <br />Cyanogenic plants <br />Bamboo, (13ambusa, Arundinaria, Dendrocalamusl <br />Tip Max. 8,000 1 <br />Stem Max. 3,000 1 <br />Stargrass, Cynodon plectostachyus, whole 180 1 <br />Rose family, Malus spp., Pyrus spp. Max. 200 2 <br />Cassava, Manihot eseu[enta <br />Bitter varieties <br />Leaves 347-1,000 3,4 <br />Roots 327-550 1,4 <br />Dried roots 95-2,450 1,3,4 <br />Stem 1,130 1 <br />Mash 162 5 <br />Bark <br />Total cyanide 1,351 6 <br />Free cyanide 102 6 <br />Peel <br />Total cyanide 1,390 6 <br />Free cyanide 255 6 <br />Pulp <br />Total cyanide 810 6 <br />Free cyanide 53 6 <br />Sweet varieties <br />Leaves 377-500 3,4 <br />Roots 138 4 <br />Dried roots 46100 3,4 <br />Mash 61 5 <br />Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus <br />United States 100-170 1 <br />Burma 2,100 1 <br />Puer[o Rico 3.000 1 <br />Java 3,120 1 <br />Almond, Prunus amygdaius, nut <br />Bitter (280-2,500) 1 <br />Spicy (86-98) 1 <br />Sweet (22-54) 1 <br />Seeds, 4 species, Nigeria, whole, frequently <br />consumed by humans <br />Phaseolus sp. (381-1,093) 7 <br />Vigna sp. (285-1,223) 7 <br />Cajanus sp. (208-953) 7 <br />Canaualia sp. (285-953) 7 <br />Sorghum, Sorghum spp., young plant, whole Max. 2,500 1 <br />Cyanogenic arthropods <br />Millipede. Apheloria corrugata, whole 428 8 <br />Millipede, Apheloria kleinpeteri, whole 18 8 <br />Zygaenid moth, Zygaena ~[ipendu[ac, whole 668 8 <br />Mammals <br />Humans, Homo sapiens <br />Blood <br />Normal <0.2 9 <br />Afflicted with Leber s optic atrophy 1.4 9 <br />