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<br />158 Appendix 4: Profiles of Colorado State-Listed Noxious Weeds <br />Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) <br />to initiate flowering (Rutledge and McLendon, 1998). Flowering occurs from June through August. The plant grows <br />vigorously in poorer soils, possibly because it is a poor competitor with established plants on better soils (Olson and <br />Wallander 1999). Oxeye daisy may require reduced competition from neighboring plants or disturbance to establish <br />(Olson and Wallander 1999). <br />Mode of reproduction: Oxeye daisy reproduces by seeds and short rootstocks. <br />Seed production: Atypical plant produces over 500 seeds. <br />Seed bank: Seeds can remain viable in the soil for at least 2-3 yeazs and sometimes faz longer (Rutledge and <br />McLendon, 1998). <br />Dispersal: No information available. <br />Hybridization: No information available. <br />Integrated Management Summary <br />Oxeye daisy has the potential to invade disturbed azeas, form small colonies, and modify existing communities. <br />Integrated treatments potentially include nitrogen fertilization and sheep or goat grazing; and nitrogen fertilization <br />and picloram application. Nitrogen fertilizer stimulates other vegetation, especially grasses, that likely out-compete <br />daisy plants for nitrogen, grow taller and shade out the daisy. Sheep or goat grazing is designed to selectively <br />impacts the daisy without adversely affecting the desirable species. Picloram can effectively control daisy plants but <br />it can damage desirable fortis, as well. <br />References <br />Olson, B.E, and R.T. Wallander. 1999. Oxeye daisy. In R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, eds. Biology and <br />Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR <br />Rutledge, C. R. and T. McLendon. No Yeaz. An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National <br />Pazk. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Colorado State University. 97pp. Northern Prairie <br />Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource%thrdataBxplant/explant.htm <br />[Version 15 Dec 98]. <br />Whitson, T.D.(ed.), L.C. Burrill, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, R. Parker. 1996. Oxeye <br />daisy. Weeds of the West. Western Society of Weed Science, in cooperation with the Westem United <br />States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services, Newazk, CA. <br />