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256 Appendix 4: Profiles of Colorado State-Listed Noxious Weeds
<br />Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
<br />Inteerated Management Summary
<br />Yellow toadflax rapidly colonizes open sites. It is most commonly found along roadsides, fences, rangelands,
<br />croplands, cleaz cuts, and pastures. Disturbed or cultivated ground is a prime candidate for colonization. The
<br />seedlings of yellow toadflax aze considered ineffective competitors for soil moisture with established perennials and
<br />winter annuals (Morishita 1991). However, once established, yellow toadflax suppresses other vegetation mainly by
<br />intense competition for limited soil water. Mature plants aze pardculazly competitive with winter annuals and
<br />shallow-rooted perennials.
<br />The key to controlling yellow toadflax is to limit vegetative spread of established colonies (by cutting, pulling, or
<br />spraying seed stalks prior to seed set, or by using insects to destroy flowers, seeds, or damage plants). Once current
<br />seed production has been controlled, toadflax seedlings that emerge from the soil seed bank must be destroyed every
<br />yeaz until the seed bank is diminished.
<br />References
<br />Lajeunesse, S. 1990. Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. In R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, eds. Biology and
<br />Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
<br />McClay, A.S. 1992. Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on flowering and seed
<br />production of common toadflax. The Canadian Entomologist 124: 631-636.
<br />Morishita, D.W. 1991. Dalmatian toadflax, yellow toadflax, black henbane, and tansymustazd: importance,
<br />distribution, and control. Tn L.F James, J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs and R.D. Child, eds. Noxious Range
<br />Weeds. Wesriiew Press, Boulder, CO.
<br />Robocker, W.C. 1974. Life history, ecology, and control of Dalmatian toadflax. Tech. Bull No. 79. Washington
<br />Agricultural Experiment Station. Pullman, WA.
<br />Rutledge, C. R and T. McLendon. No Yeaz. An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National
<br />Pazk. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Colorado State University. 97pp, Northern Prairie
<br />Wildlife Reseazch Center Home Page. http://www.npwm.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/Explant/explant.htm
<br />[Version IS Dec 98].
<br />Saner, M.A., D.R. Clements, M.R Hall, D.J. Doohan, and C.W. Crompton. 1995. The biology of Canadian weeds.
<br />105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Canadian Journal afPlant Science 75: 525-537.
<br />Sebastian, J.R. and K.G. Beck. 1999. The influence of picloram or picloram plus 2,4-D applied for 1, 2, or 3 years
<br />on cover, density and control of yellow toadflax on Colorado rangeland. Res. Prog. Rep. Wes. Soc. Weed
<br />Sci. p. 36-37.
<br />Zimmerman, J.A.C. 1996. Ecology and distribution of Linaria vulgaris (L.) Miller, Scrophulariaceae. USGS
<br />Colorado Plateau Field Station, Southwest Exotic Plant Mapping Project.
<br />http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swemp/Info~ages/plants/Linaria/linariatitle.html [I4 Jan 98].
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