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REPORT TERMINOLOGY <br />(Based on ASTM D653) <br />Expansive Potential The potential of a soil to expand (increase in volume) due to absorption of <br /> moisture. <br />Finished Grade The final grade created as a part of the project. <br />Footing A portion of the foundation of a structure that transmits loads directly to the <br /> soil. <br />Foundation The tower part of a structure that transmits the loads to the soil or bedrock. <br />Frost Depih The depth of which the ground becomes frozen during the wint~:r season. <br />Grade Beam A foundation element or wall, typically constructed of reinforced concrete, <br /> used to span between other foundation elements such as drilled piers. <br />Groundwater Subsurface water found in the zone of saturation of soils, or within fractures <br /> in bedrock. <br />Heave Upward movement. <br />Lithologic The characteristics which describe the composition and texture of soil and <br /> rock by observation. <br />Native Grade The naturally occuring ground surface. <br />Native Soi/ Naturally occurring on-site soil, sometimes referred to as natural soil. <br />Optimum Moisture The water content at which a soil can be compacted to a maximum dry unit <br />Content weight by a given compactive effort. <br />Perched Water Groundwater, usually of limited area maintained above a normal water <br /> elevation by the presence of an intervening relatively impervious continuing <br /> stratum. <br />Scarify To mechanically loosen soil or break down existing soil structure. <br />Sett/emenr Downward movement. <br />Skin Friction (Side The frictional resistance developed between soil and an element of structure <br />Shearl such as a drilled pier or shaft. <br />Soi/ (earthl Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particl~:s produced <br /> by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks, and which may or may <br /> not contain organic matter. <br />Strain The change in length per unit of length in a given direction. <br />Stress The force per unit area acting within a soil mass. <br />Strip To remove from present location. <br />Subbase A layer of specified material in a pavement system between the subgrade and <br /> base course. <br />subgrade The soil prepared and compacted to support a structure, slab or F•avement <br /> system. <br />Empire Laboratories, Inc. <br />A Division of The Terracon Comoani~as. Inc. <br />zo <br />