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Copper. Copper is important in root metabolism, ammonium end protein utilization, • <br />oxidation-reduction reactions, and enzyme activation (USDA, 1957). Copper deficiencies <br />are generally not a problem (Traynor, 1980). Naturally occurring excesses of extractable <br />copper have not been reported in the soil literature (MUnshower, 1983). <br />Nickel. This is a non-essential (to plant end animal Life) heavy metal that could induce <br />plant toxicity symptoms if present in excess quantities. Nickel toxicity problems are <br />restricted to poorly drained, very acid soils, soils derived from serpentine parent <br />materials or ;:oils that have been contaminated near smelters (Traynor, 1980; Munshower, <br />1983; and Barth et al., 1981). Normal plant available nickel concentrations in soil are <br />slightly less then 2 ppm (Barth et al., 1981). <br />Zinc. Zinc is a necessary component of several enzyme systems which regulate various <br />metabolic activities within plants. Adequate zinc levels are essential for normal cell <br />division, root growth, seed production, protein metabolism, and auxin formation (Tiedemann <br />and Lopez, 1982). For normal growth, most plants generally require a minimum zinc <br />concentration of 1 ppm while zinc related toxicity occurs at about 70 ppm. The potential <br />for zinc deficiency is increased by many factors including but not limited to high pN, • <br />high lime rates, high phosphorous levels, and high concentrations of other metallic <br />nutrients (Cu, Fe, and Mn). Zinc toxicity is more of a concern on acid soils because of <br />the higher solubility of zinc on acid soils. The antidote for zinc toxicity is the <br />application of lime (Traynor, 1980). <br />Cadmium. Cadmium is a non-essential metallic element that is used in industry. Plant <br />toxicities due to elevated levels of cadmium under natural conditions or in reclamation <br />are unlikely (Berth et el., 1981 end Munshower, 1983). <br />Lead. This is a non•essentiel (to plant and animal life) heavy metal that could induce <br />plant toxicity symptoms if present in excess quantities. As the pN decreases, the <br />solubility and the potential for lead toxicity increases. In most soils of the Great <br />Plains, lead is complexed and not readily leached to ground water nor available for plant <br />uptake (Barth et al., 1981 end Munshowe r, 1983). <br />Parameter Selection - Phase II. Overburden information from the ten Phase t sample sites <br />was evaluated and sunmtari zed to select end justify the chemical end physical parameter <br />list for the second phase sampling pr ogrem. Constituents which approached or exceeded • <br />20 <br />