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• legumes (especially white sweet elover) which require it for nitrogen fixation (Neuman end <br />Munshowe r, 1983). Although these elements are essential for animals, when overingested by <br />[he grazing animals, molybdenum or selenium toxicity may occur (Donahue et al., 1977). <br />Molybdenosis is especially acute at low copper concentrations and is felt by some to be <br />molybdenum induced copper deficiency. )t is usually corrected by supplementing feed <br />rations with copper. <br />Manganese end Iron. Manganese wi [h the aid of iron are catalysts in the synthesis or <br />production of chlorophyll (Tiedemann and Lopez, 1982). Manganese and iron deficiencies <br />are of major concern in reclamation situations where soils are calcareous or have an <br />alkali pH (lime induced chlorosis). Iron deficiencies are also induced by high <br />concentrations of Mn, Cu, 2n, and Ni in acidic soils. Manganese toxicity is more common <br />than manganese deficiency. Manganese toxicities have been documented in poorly-drained <br />soils and extremely acid soils with pM levels below 5.0. Liming the soil causes a <br />lowering in the solubility of manganese end presumably brings the iron and manganese into <br />better balance in relation to plant requirements. Documented cases of iron toxicity are <br />rare and appear to be limited to flooded soils (Barth et al., 1981). Extremely high <br />• levels of iron often are not toxic but cause imbalances or interfere with the uptake of <br />other essential nutrients. <br />Total Sulfur, NP, end ABP. The sulfur content of overburden is determined to predict the <br />acid - producing potential of this material. In conjunction with potential acidity, the <br />neutralization potential (NP) from alkaline carbonates, exchangeable bases, and <br />wee th arable silicates is measured. Sulfur fractionation (i.e., pyritic, sulfate, and <br />organic) analyses ere generally performed when potential acidity exceeds the <br />neutralization potential end/or when the total sulfur content is greater than 0.5 percent. <br />A more ecturate determination of potential acidity is obtained when only pyritic sulfur <br />values ere utilized (sobek et al ., 1987). After the potential acidity end the <br />neutralization potential ere determined, an acid base balance is determined by subtracting <br />the potential acidity from the neutralization potentie L. An acid-base potential (ABP) <br />balance indicates whether acid or base producing elements ere in the sample end to what <br />degree (Smith et al., 1974). This balance reveals whether the materiel will become acidic <br />or basic after being blasted, spoiled, and weathered. A positive ABP indicates the <br />spoiled material will have an increase in pll when basic elements (carbntutesl becnme <br />. soluble during the induced weeth ering process. A negative ABP indicates the spoiled <br />material will have a decrease in pN when acid producing components (pyrites end carbonic <br />acid) become soluble during the induced weathering process. <br />19 <br />