PERMFILE68702

• Permit No: C1981038
• IBM Index Class Name: Permit File
• Doc Date: 12/11/2001
• Section_Exhibit Name: Volume 9B ARCHAEOLOGY APPENDIX Part 2 of 4
• Media Type: D
• Archive: No

I• phenott~nal technical advances; urbanization; geographical expansion; and
conspicuous cronstmptiat (Howe 1976 and Baker 1978, 1983). These are most
easily seen materially in industrial, armtercial, and domestic
architecture; transportation networks; and in the large amounts of nearly
all varieties of dry or consumable goods. The very rapid appearance of
these elements on the urban mining frontier constitutes what has been
termed the "Victorian Cultural Horizon" (Baker 1983a).
In the archaeological sense, a "horizwi" is a primarily spatial
continuity represented by cultural traits and assemblages whose nature
and mode of occurrence permit the assurrQtion of a broad and rapid spread
(Willey and Phillips 1958) . The Victorian Horizon had peaked by abort
1900 and was waning by Wbrld War I, after which the Victorian Cultural
Tradition was in its death throes throughout the United States as well as
in the urban centers of the (kutnison Country. This was partially due to
eoonattic depression which caused the urban areas to lose the people and
capital which had led to the florescence of the tradition. With the
advent of tourism, skiing, "alternate lifestyle living" and the recent
renewal of mining interests, the Gtuuiisan Cotuttry has been undergoing a
"reurbanization". Tie Victorian Cultural Tradition has long since died
(Table 2) and this "reurbanization" is taking place within the post World
War II American cultural tradition or what might appropriately be called
"the Synthetic Culture Period".
' Primary Settlenertt With Extensive Iartd F~loitation
The Utes were removed from the Glmnison Country in 1881 as part of
'~ the oonQlete Ute exodus from both the White River and UnoatQatgre Ute
Reservations. The year 1881 closed with most of the prime lands of the
North Fork already in the hands of squatters. By 1882, Montrose, Delta,
and Grand Junction had been established on the old reservation, and the
seeds for towns in the North Fork Valley had been planted by the arrival
of individuals such as Ertos Hotchkiss and Samuel Wade, who respectively
settled in the Hotchkiss grid Paonia areas in 1881 (Borland 1952;
Goodykoontz 1927:460; Rockwell 1975:93-94; and Ferguson 1928).
The first settlers in the North Fork Valley were stoclatten (Baker
1977:16-22 and Pockwell 1937). By the middle 1880's more and more
individuals were preatQting land and running cattle in the Paonia area.
For most of the 19th century, cattle retained the mainstay of the local
ewnomty. The basic cultural character of the region was cast in
stock raising until fruit production eclipsed the industry in eoonanic
importance about the turn of the century (Baker 1977 and Fnckwell 1975
and 1938). In 1885, Paonia was described as a "stall post office town on
the North Fork of the Gunnison River, with a population of about 60,
occupied in raising cattle and sheep" (Crofutt 1885:239). Hotchkiss was
cic:scribed as a "post office on the North Fork of ttie Gunnison near I~rox
Creek. Ayriculture and stock-raising", while Delta, as the county seat
of Delta County, was described as set at:acist a rich farming region of
"gnat future prcntise". By 1885, it boastea a b:J~:, newspaper and a
nunixr of stores (Croiutt 18b5:105, 87). Other towns in the project
vicinity, such as Ceoaredge and Eckert, were rut founded until much latur
when the promise of growUt of the fruit industr}~ lea to intet,sive
develoFnar,t of the tJorth Fork area. the intensification of ltutd use
Z1