PERMFILE68702

• Permit No: C1981038
• IBM Index Class Name: Permit File
• Doc Date: 12/11/2001
• Section_Exhibit Name: Volume 9B ARCHAEOLOGY APPENDIX Part 2 of 4
• Media Type: D
• Archive: No

knowledge explosion, immigration and vast population growth,
• urbanization, geographical expansion, changing race
relationships, and the greatest armed conflict on American
soil" (Howe 1976:3; from Baker 1978).
Prior to 1673, the ctuuiison region belonged to the Ute Indian
Peoples and was especially devoid of Fhiite settlement except for
occasional explorers, prospectors, and trappers or Indian Traders. The
first Ldian~+lhite conflict over land in western Colorado stertmed from
the region-wide push to exploit the mineral resources of the Rxky
Mountains after 1859. The territory of Colorado was created early in
1661 and the first Ute land cession was made at Conejos in 1863. The
1863 treaty was reaffirmed by the treaty of 1868 which formally provided
for a reservation west of the 107th meridian. This reservation
contained abort one-third of the territory of Colorado. The heart of
the CUnnison Country was just east of the reservation boundary but the
Utes continued to occupy the area for some years despite white
encroachment (Stewart 1973; Baker 1976b; Ubbelohde et al. 1972).
Increasing pressure from Colorado's mining rush violated the
sanctity of the Ute Reservation and the treaty of 1868. The Brunot
Treaty of 1873 resulted from this pressure and it provided that the Utes
relinquish the mineral rich area of the San Juans at the south end of
the reservation. The eastern boundary of the reservation remained at
the 107th meridian and by the latter 1870s mining cang~s were well-
established all along the boundaries of the Uncanpahgre Ute Reservation
• (Baker 1978; Athearn 1976; Henderson 1962; Ubbelohde et al. 1972).
White pressure against the south and east reservation boundaries
wntinued to escalate. Talk of removing the Utes from Colorado had
begun almost as soon as the reservation was established and by the fall
of 1679 there was a strong sentiment to open the entire reservation to
settlement. The Meeker Massacre on the white River brought the movement
for removal to a climax.
The idea that the "Utes must go" was i~de a reality by the Treaty
of March 6, 1880. This treaty provided that the Utes cede all their
territory in Colorado except for a smzll reservation on the la Plata
River. The Uncarq~alxlre Utes agreed to ircn+e to the Grand River or on to
Utah if there was no room for then on the Grand. Although Ute leaders
signed this treaty, the bulk of the Unoonq~ahgre Utes were unwilling to
leave for Utah. In order to quell the hostility expected to attend the
removal attarg~t, six crnQarues of cavalry and nine of infantry moved in
to the Uncx~ahgre Valley in the spring of 1880.
In September 1880, Johnson Shawano, the son of Chief Shawano, was
murdered on the Uncar~~tigre and a white man, AndrEw Jackson, was killed
by the Utes for revenye. From this point, matters grew worse and by the
fall of 1881, the Utes had been entirely removed to Utah (Nankivell
1934; Goodyka~i~tz 1927; Joluisori 1966; Borland 1951; Baker 1978b).
• Sunday mornuig th~ Utes bid adieu to their old hunting grounds
and folded their tents, rounded up their dogs, sheep, goats,
ponies and traps, and took up the line of march for their new
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