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"D" Seam Longwall Subsidence Page 21 August 17, 1998 <br />Table 4. Bank density, swell factor and percent free swell for <br />selected rocks and soils <br />Rock or Soil Bank Swell Free <br /> Density Factor Swell <br />Basalt 185 PCF 0.67 50$ <br />Bauxite 119 PCF 0.75 33$ <br />Caliche 141 PCF 0.55 82$ <br />Carnotite, primary uranium ore 137 PCF 0.74 35$ <br />Clay, natural 126 PCF 0.82 22$ <br />Coal, anthracite 100 PCF 0.79 35$ <br />bituminous 80 PCF 0.74 35$ <br />Concrete 120-155 PCF 0.72 40$ <br />Conglomerate 153 PCF 0.72-0,63 40-60$ <br />Copper ore, altered siliceous 141 PCF 0.74 35$ <br />Earth, wet 126 PCF 0.79 27$ <br />loam 96 PCF 0.81 23$ <br />Granite, quartzite, fresh 163-170 PCF 0.67-0.56 50-80$ <br />typical values 0.61 69$ <br />Gravel, pit run 135 PCF 0.89 12$ <br />Gypsum 198 PCF 0.57 75$ <br />Iron ore, high grade hematite 174-237 PCF 0.58-0.55 72-82$ <br />limonite 174-237 PCF 0.58 72$ <br />magnetite 209 PCF 0,55-0.58 72-82$ <br />taconite 192-226 PCF 0.58 72$ <br />Limestone 155-163 PCF 0,57-0.60 67-75$ <br />typical values 0.59 69$ <br />Marble, metamorphic 170 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75$ <br />Montmorillonite, chlorite, kaol in 191 PCF 0.77 30$ <br />illite, smektite <br />Pyrite 189 PCF 0.85 18$ <br />Sand, dry 100 PCF 0.89 12$ <br />damp 120 PCF 0.89 12$ <br />wet 130 PCF 0.89 12$ <br />Sandstone 153-157 PCF 0.60 67$ <br />Shale, mudstone 109 PCF 0.75 33$ <br />Siltstone, hard 153-157 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75$ <br />soft 126 0.82 22$ <br />Slate 170-180 PCF 0.77 30$ <br />Traprock, basic, igneous 163 PCF 0.67 50$ <br />Free swell ($) = change in volume broken as a percent of <br />original bank volume <br />Swell factor = broken density/bank density <br />Adapted from: Caterpillar, Inc., 1987, Caterpillar performance <br />handbook, p 740 and Euclid Road Machinery Co., 1953, Estimating <br />production and costs <br />21 <br />