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d) Chemical Control: There are numerous herbicides labeled for use on <br />Russian knapweed. The selection of a herbicide depends on the area of <br />infestation. Some herbicides that can be used independently or in <br />combination according to EPA recommendations are picloram (Tordon <br />22K), dicamba (Banvel(+2,4-D)), 2,4-D (Weedpro #6 Lovol), <br />chlorsulfuron (Telar), clopyralid (Transline, Stinger), clopyralid <br />(Curtail (+2,4-D)) or any other EPA approved chemicals. <br />Spotted knapweed (Centuarea maculosa): Spotted knapweed is a biennial or a short <br />lived perennial forb with a deep taproot that reproduces by seed. It readily invades <br />disturbed sites because of its early spring growth ability. <br />1. Control Measures <br />a} Cultural Control: Plant competition from various grasses can be a very <br />effective management tool. Revegetation with aggressive desirable <br />perennials in disturbed areas can assist in preventing an infestation. <br />b) Mechanical Control: IVlechanical control can be accomplished by <br />mowing to prevent seed production. <br />c} Biological Control: There are two species of knapweed seed head gall <br />flies that are well established in Colorado. These species are Urophora <br />affinis and CI. quadrifasciata. A combination of ten other insect and <br />fungi species are registered but in limited supply. <br />d} Chemical Control: There are numerous herbicides labeled for use on <br />Spotted knapweed. The selection of a herbicide depends on the area of <br />infestation. Some herbicides that can be used independently or in <br />combination according to EPA recommendations are picloram (Tordon <br />22K), dicamba (Banvel(+2,4-D)), 2,4-D (Weedpro #6 Lovol), clopyralid <br />(Transline ,Stinger), clopyralid (Curtail (+2,4-D)) or any other EPA <br />approved chemicals. <br />Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris): Yellow toadflax is a woody, aggressive, perennial <br />that reproduces by seed and creeping roots. It is an aggressive invader of rangelands <br />and pastures. <br />1. Control Measures. <br />a) Cultural Control: Plant competition from various grasses can be a very <br />effective management tool. Revegetation with aggressive desirable <br />perennials in disturbed areas can assist in preventing an infestation. <br />b) Mechanical Control: Mechanical control can be accomplished by <br />mowing. This will prevent seed production. Physical removal of the <br />plant by hand pulling is effective on small areas but it may take several <br />years to remove all of the roots. <br />c) Biological Control: A predatory noctuid moth (Calophasia lunula) is <br />registered for use in Colorado. This species may be available only on a <br />very limited basis. <br />