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Leafy spurge (Guphurbin esuln): Leafy spurge is a deep rooted pereru~ial that <br />reproduces by seed and creeping roots. It is a difficult plant to control using only one <br />method because of its extensive root system. <br />1. Control Measures <br />a) Cultural Control: Plant competition frum various grasses can be a very <br />effective management tool. Revegetation with aggressive desirable <br />perennials in disturbed areas can assist in reducing the spread of an <br />existing stand. <br />b) Mechanical Control: Mechanical control is difficult but can be <br />accomplished by mowing at least every 14-21 days throughout the <br />summer. This will prevent seed production and reduce its <br />carbohydrate reserves. <br />c) Biological Control: Grazing with sheep and goats throughout the <br />spring, summer and fall will keep Leafy spurge from going to seed and <br />reduce carbohydrate reserves. Several flea beetles have been used to <br />defoliate Leafy spurge. These insects include Aphthona flava and A. <br />nigriscutis. Several other insects are currently being tested. <br />d) Chemical Control: There are numerous herbicides labeled for use on <br />Leafy spurge. The selection of a herbicide depends on the area of <br />infestation. Some herbicides that can be used independently or in <br />combination according to EPA recommendations are picloram (Tordon <br />22K), dicamba (Banvel(+2,4-D)), 2,4-D (Weedpro ~6 Lovol), glyphosate <br />(Roundup), chlorsulfuron (Telar), metsulfuron (Escort) or any other <br />EPA approved chemicals. <br />Russian knapweed (Centuarea repens): Russian knapweed is anon-native perennial <br />that reproduces by seed and creeping roots. It releases alleleopathic chemicals as the <br />foliage decays which inhibit the growth of surrounding vegetation. It can colonize <br />an area rapidly. <br />1. Control Measures <br />a) Cultural Control: Plant competition from various grasses can be a very <br />effective management tool. Revegetate with aggressive desirable <br />perennials following chemical treatment. <br />b) Mechanical Control: Mechanical control can be accomplished by <br />mowing at least every 14-21 days throughout the summer. This will <br />prevent seed production. <br />c) Biological Control: There are two fungi {Alternaira sp. and Sclerotinia <br />scierotiotium) and one nematode (Subanguina picridis) registered for <br />use in Colorado. The nematode disperses slowly resulting in long <br />periods for effective control within an area. <br />