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crop oil in a 50:50 v/v(volume to volume)ratio.Imazapyr may be less than 40 percent due to difficulties associated <br /> may also be used for this application.Although basal bark with this method.Therefore,followup treatment using <br /> treatment provides fair control,it is very tedious and time ground-based foliar applications should be anticipated. <br /> consuming,especially when the saltcedar is multistemmed. <br /> Applications on older stems with thick,furrowed bark I'T foliar spray may be used to control small saltcedar <br /> should be avoided since success may be limited.Basal bark that is less than 5 feet in height and is relatively small in <br /> treatments are more easily made in winter when foliage is acreage.Saltcedar foliage should be completely covered <br /> shed;however,summer treatment is recommended in Texas. and the terminal ends of all branches,including blooms, <br /> should be wetted without allowing dripping to occur.The <br /> HT cut stump treatment is often used in areas where interior of the plant should then be laced with the spray <br /> mechanical treatments or foliar applied herbicide spraying solution to complete treatment.Ground application of 1 <br /> are restricted due to logistical considerations or when percent imazapyr solution by volume to saltcedar foliage <br /> there is a need to be highly selective and protect non-target can be made with a variety of sprayers including hand-held <br /> vegetation.The treatment involves hand cutting or chain pump-up or backpack sprayers;cattle or trailer sprayers; <br /> sawing the saltcedar trunk or stems as close to the ground or ATV-mounted low and high powered sprayer systems. <br /> surface as reasonable,and then applying herbicide to the An adjustable cone nozzle(X6 to X8 orifice size)can be <br /> cut stump surface by paintbrush,hand-held spray bottle,or used to deliver a coarse spray(large droplets).A nonionic <br /> backpack sprayer.The cut surface should be horizontal to surfactant(0.25 percent by volume)and a blue indicator <br /> the ground to minimize runoff,and any residual sawdust spray dye should be added to the mixture.Since absorption <br /> over the cut surface should be removed prior to herbicide of herbicide into the foliage is relatively slow,chemical <br /> application.A solution of triclopyr ester or imazapyr mixed penetration into the plant should be increased by spraying <br /> with bark or crop oil must be immediately applied within during weather conditions of low wind,high relative <br /> 15 minutes.The herbicide:oil mixture ratio can vary from humidity,and low air temperature.After spraying,the top <br /> 33:67 to 50:50 v/v depending on the number and size of growth should remain undisturbed for at least 2 years after <br /> plants to be treated and the application technique used. treatment.Although plants may appear dead(i.e.,completely <br /> The lower ratio is typically used when applications are defoliated)in the first growing season after spraying,the <br /> made with a low volume backpack sprayer or hand-held plant is still trying to grow.If branches(top growth)are <br /> spray bottle,whereas the higher ratio can be used when removed too early after spraying,saltcedar will shift stored <br /> the solution is brushed directly onto the cut stump.Cut carbohydrate reserves toward apical root buds and will re- <br /> surfaces of plants with less than 4 inches diameter must be sprout. <br /> thoroughly wetted with herbicide to kill the roots;however, <br /> the herbicide should be applied to the cambial layer just Airplane or helicopter applications can be used to spray <br /> inside the bark ring if the diameter of the saltcedar stump saltcedar successfully if the aircraft is equipped with <br /> exceeds 4 inches.A blue indicator dye should be added the proper spray system.Helicopters can spray"tight," <br /> to the spray mixture to show prior treatment of stumps, difficult areas that require precision application such as <br /> Disposal of trunks,limbs,and other top growth should edges of meandering rivers or saltcedar stands interspersed <br /> follow acceptable practices(e.g.,stack piles or chips). with nontarget vegetation.Fixed-wing aircraft are better <br /> for spraying large,monotypic blocks of saltcedar where <br /> Mortality rates from cut-stump treatments are directly an overlapping spray pattern can be delivered at a lower <br /> related to care taken when treating cut surfaces.Control can operational cost than by a helicopter.Aircraft should be <br /> be 60 to 80 percent under optimal conditions,but plant kills equipped with a satellite guidance system,a variable rate <br /> flow meter,and an onboard GIS display system for spraying <br /> 5 <br />