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(apparently contemporaneous) pecked impressions or cupules. Two bullet holes are present <br />in the "face" area. <br />Regarding the dating of the identifiable motifs of Panel 3, Keyser and Klassen <br />(2001:20-22) discuss the appearance of the bow and arrow in the Northwestern Plains no <br />earlier than 1500 years ago (ca. AD500), noting that "recurved bows are shown with numerous <br />historic warriors but have yet to be found in prehistoric drawings." Similarly, according to <br />the authors, figures holding large body shields in front of their torsos generally indicate <br />affiliation with the Late Prehistoric period. The first horses... <br />...were introduced onto the Northwestern Plains about 1690 by the Shoshone, <br />who obtained animals stolen from the Spanish settlements in New Mexico from their <br />Ute kinsmen (Haines 1938; Ewers 1955). Through trade and raiding, horses spread <br />rapidly northeastward, reaching southern Alberta and North Dakota by about 1730. <br />Guns reached the northeastern edge of the Plains [supplanting bows and arrows] <br />about 1700 and then spread rapidly southwestward, so that by 1775 nearly all Plains <br />groups had some (Secoy 1953). <br />Archaeological evidence suggests that both horses and guns, as well as other trade <br />goods, were introduced into the mountains and canyon/plateau country of Colorado from <br />both the south and northeast several decades later than the dates suggested above for the <br />northern Great Plains, but were commonplace by the early nineteenth century (Baker, <br />Carrillo, and Spath 2007). <br />Panel 4, is approximately lm to the right of Panel 3, measures 72cm wide by 95cm in <br />height, and is 80 to 175cm above pgs. It consists of three vertical ground or abraded <br />areas—less deep or clearly demarcated as those in Panels 1 and 2, three pictographic elements, <br />and recent graffiti (Plate 13). The ground areas are approximately 10cm in width and from <br />20 to 40cm in length. A vertical smudge of red pigment is near the base of the left-most <br />ground area, and a narrower internal groove has been abraded into the center of the right- <br />most area. <br />The three very faint painted elements consist of another "horseshoe print," a roughly <br />X-shaped red pigment area of undetermined nature, and an apparent shield figure similar to <br />those in Panel 3 but with a yellowish -brown shield, a red head, and at least one, more <br />distinct, red leg and foot. An abraded horse and rider is found at the top of the panel, <br />however it appears to be a modern creation, along with scratched graffiti reading "WHR(?), <br />W." Abrasion from livestock rubbing against the sandstone wall is apparent on Panel 4. <br />27 <br />