2016-10-20_PERMIT FILE - C1981035A (18)

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present. The non -recognition of Ute sites is probably due to their extreme mobility, particularly following the adoption of an equestrian lifestyle, and the correspondingly diffuse archaeological remains, the lack of diagnostic artifacts attributable to southwestern Colorado Ute Indians, and the focus of professional archaeologists on the more recognizable Ancestral Pueblo and Navajo sites. Two phases of the Ute cultural tradition have been defined for the Northern Colorado River Basin, which do not appear to be well represented in southwestern Colorado. The Canalla phase refers to a pedestrian hunting and gathering aboriginal culture (Reed 1994). Canalla Phase (ca. AD 1100 to 1650) sites are distinguished by the appearance of Uncompahgre Brown Ware. The Uncompahgre Brown Ware ceramic tradition includes a plain type and a finger -impressed type. It is still unclear if the construction method is coil and scrape or paddle and anvil (Reed and Metcalf 1999: 158). Projectile points typically associated with these sites include Desert Side -notched and Cottonwood Triangular point types, both of which are common throughout the Great Basin and Southwest during late prehistoric to protohistoric times. Evidence of wikiups and other brush structures are frequently encountered at Canalla phase sites. Reed (1994) asserts that the appearance of Uncompahgre Brown Ware marks the arrival of the Ute or their ancestors into Western Colorado from the Great Basin. The Antero phase (ca. AD 1650 to 1880) marks the transition from a pedestrian hunting and gathering society to an equestrian life style following the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. European trade goods begin to appear in Ute material culture, particularly glass beads, metal cone tinklers, cartridges, and tin cans. Uncompahgre Brown Ware was still produced. Desert Side -notched and Cottonwood Triangular projectile points are also manufactured during the Antero phase, but are eventually replaced by metal points and European goods, including firearms (Reed 1994). While the tipi is adopted following the inception of the horse, wikiups were still constructed during the Antero phase (Reed and Metcalf 1999). While less than 1 percent of sites surveyed and documented in southwestern Colorado have been assigned Numic affiliation, virtually none have been excavated (Wilshusen and Towner 1999: 367). At Talus Village north of Durango, several tree -ring samples yielded non -cutting dates ranging from A.D. 1447w to 1559w, and are probably of Ute affiliation and postdate the earlier Basketmaker II components for which the site is famous (Rayne 1997). Sites attributable to the Ute are better documented in nearby west -central Colorado, where ample evidence suggests sites typified by scatters of brownware and side - notched points are Ute in origin dating between cap A.D. 1100 to 1900 (Reed 1994). None of the sites documented during the present inventory are attributed to the Ute. No Ute components were identified during the present survey. 4.1.5.2 Ute History The Ute Indians were formed into at least seven bands at the time of historic contact. The Southern Ute Indians consist of three bands, including the Mouache and Capote bands, currently located on the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, and the Weeminuche band, currently located on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation. Historically, the Capote band inhabited the area east of the Continental Divide to the Sangre de Cristos, the San Luis valley, and as far south as Chama and Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico region. The Mouache band lived in areas east of the Culebra and Sangre de Cristo Mountains and from the Trinidad to Denver areas along the Front Range (Schroeder 1965:54). The Weeminuche band inhabited the region of southwestern Colorado west of the Continental Divide, to the Abajo Mountains and canyon country of southeastern Utah, and from the Uncompahgre River in the north to the San Juan River in the south (Park et al 1938: 632). The Weeminuche band, unlike the Capote and Mouache bands, An Intensive CRI for GCC Energy's Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Wells on State and Private Lands in La Plata County, CO SEAS 16-098 October 2016 13