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7. Yellow Toadflax A. Mechanical and Chemical Control - Mowing can occur throughout the growing season in order to keep the plants from going to seed. Mowing should be terminated in late August followed by an herbicide treatment during late September through October, following a light frost and prior to a hard frost. B. Cultural and Chemical Control - Use a short residual herbicide followed by a seeding with a competitive grass such as smooth brome or other sod forming species (natives preferred). C. Chemical Control Only - Herbicide applications (picloram (Tordon® is recommended)) work best if applied in the fall after a light frost due to the thick cuticle of the plant. 8. Leafy Spurge A. Cultural and Chemical Control - An herbicide application, using short residual herbicides can be used followed up by seeding the area with a competitive grass such as smooth brome, wheatgrasses or other sod forming species. B. Mechanical Control Only - Mowing can be carried out throughout the season, which will reduce seed set. However, mowing must be repeated every 14-21 days throughout the summer, starting before flowering stage. C. Chemical Control Only - Herbicide applications can be made to the spurge in the spring, early summer during the true flower stage and in the fall just before a hard freeze if necessary. 9. Tamarisk A. Mechanical and Cultural Control — Many mechanical controls, when used on their own, have little or no effect. These methods include burning, shredding, roller chopping, and chaining. Repeated root plowing with a horizontal blade at least 20 inches below the soil surface coupled with revegetation, has proven effective. However, this is expensive and not realistic for smaller infestations. B. Mechanical and Chemical Control Flooding is only effective if the plant is totally submerged for at least 24 months. Cutting trees at the base and immediately applying herbicide to the cut stump is effective. C. Chemical Control Only — In general, effective chemical control requires multiple applications. Timing and application rate are crucial for successful control. Herbicides containing triclopyr, imazapyr, or imazapyr mixed with glyphosate effectively control tamarisk. Triclopyr can be applied in May or August and imazapyr can be applied in August or September. 10. Russian Olive A. Mechanical and Chemical Control — Control is difficult once trees are mature. Mature trees should be cut down to the ground level and an appropriate herbicide (i.e. glyphosate or triclopyr) should be applied. Ideally, control should occur before fruiting to prevent the spread of seeds.