|
12 J. L. METCALF ET AL.
<br />over two -fold and demonstrates the feasibility of molec-
<br />ular mining of archived samples. Establishing the tim-
<br />ing of human disturbance, coupled with the use of
<br />ancient DNA techniques for retrieving phylogenetic
<br />information from predisturbance historical samples,
<br />paves the way forward for developing conservation
<br />goals aimed at restoring threatened and endangered
<br />species to their native ranges.
<br />Acknowledgements
<br />This work was funded by The National Park Service, U.S. Fish
<br />and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Bureau of Land
<br />Management and Trout Unlimited. We thank the California
<br />Academy of Sciences, the Smithsonian Museum of Natural
<br />History, the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia
<br />(ANSP), the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni-
<br />versity and R. P. Evans at Brigham Young University for access
<br />to museum fish samples, and J. Wood for assistance with
<br />museum sampling. We are especially grateful to Mark Sabaj
<br />Perez and Clare Flemming at ANSP for tracking down letters
<br />instrumental in resolving the history of the greenback cutthroat
<br />trout type specimens. We thank G. Wilcox and S. Albeke for
<br />ArcGIS layers used to develop the figures. We thank V. Kirc-
<br />hoff and E. Hekkla for help with initial extraction trials. We
<br />thank K. Leitzell, K. Ramirez, A. Hirsch, L. Parfrey, V. McKen-
<br />zie, R. Knight, R. Guralnick and J. Zelikova for editorial assis-
<br />tance. We thank the Greenback Recovery Team and four
<br />anonymous reviewers for feedback that greatly improved this
<br />manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are
<br />those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views
<br />of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
<br />References
<br />Allendorf FW, Waples RS (1996) Conservation genetics of Sal -
<br />monid fishes. In: Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from
<br />Nature, Chapter 8 (eds Avise JC, Hamrick JL), pp. 238 -275.
<br />Chapman and Hall, New York.
<br />Anisimova M, Gil M, Dufayard JF, Dessimoz C, Gascuel O
<br />(2011) Survey of branch support methods demonstrates accu-
<br />racy, power, and robustness of fast likelihood -based approxi-
<br />mation schemes. Systematic Biology, 60, 685 -699.
<br />Athrey G, Lindsay DL, Lance RF, Leberg PL (2011) Crumbling
<br />diversity: comparison of historical archived and contempo-
<br />rary natural populations indicate reduced genetic diversity
<br />and increasing genetic differentiation in the golden- cheeked
<br />warbler. Conservation Genetics, 12, 1345 -1355.
<br />Beever EA, Brussard PE, Berger J (2003) Patterns of apparent
<br />extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (Ochotona
<br />princeps) in the Great Basin. Journal of Mammalogy, 84,
<br />37 -54.
<br />Behnke RJ (1969) Rare and endangered species: the greenback
<br />trout, Salmo clarki stomias Cope: sources for introductions
<br />and a recent discovery of a probable pure population. Report
<br />for the Colorado Cooperative Fishery Unit, 1 -5.
<br />Behnke RJ (1976) Summary of information on the status of the
<br />greenback cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki stomias. Report for
<br />U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Salt Lake City area office.
<br />Behnke RJ (1992) Trout of Western North America. American
<br />Fisheries Society, Maryland.
<br />Behnke RJ (2002) Trout and Salmon or North America. The
<br />Free Press, New York.
<br />Benjamin JR, Fausch KD, Baxter CV (2011) Species replacement
<br />by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reduc-
<br />ing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders. Oecologia,
<br />167,503 -512.
<br />Bennett SN, Olson JR, Kershner JL, Corbett P (2010) Propagule
<br />pressure and stream characteristics influence introgression:
<br />cutthroat and rainbow trout in British Columbia. Ecological
<br />Applications, 20, 263 -277.
<br />Boessenkool S, Austin JJ, Worthy TH, et al. (2009) Relict or col-
<br />onizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in
<br />southern New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B -Bio-
<br />logical Sciences, 276, 815 -821.
<br />Carlton JT (1996) Biological invasions and cryptogenic species.
<br />Ecology, 77, 1653 -1655.
<br />Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA (2000) TCS: a computer
<br />program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9,
<br />1657 -1659.
<br />Cockerell T (1908) The Fishes of the Rocky Mountain Region.
<br />University of Colorado, Boulder.
<br />Cope E (1871) Report on the reptiles and fishes obtained by the
<br />naturalists of the expedition. (ed. Preliminary report of the
<br />United State Geological Survey of Wyoming and portions of
<br />contiguous territories Hayden's Survey), pp. 432 -444.
<br />Drummond Al, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: bayesian evolution-
<br />ary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7,
<br />214.
<br />Dunham JB, Vinyard GL, Rieman BE (1997) Habitat frag-
<br />mentations and extinction risk of Lahontan Cutthroat
<br />trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 17,
<br />1126 -1133.
<br />Dunham JB, Pilliod DS, Young MK (2004) Assessing the conse-
<br />quences of nonnative trout in headwater ecosystems in wes-
<br />tern North America. Fisheries, 29, 18 -26.
<br />Fausch KD, Rieman BE, Dunham JB, Young MK, Peterson DP
<br />(2009) Invasion versus isolation: trade -offs in managing
<br />native salmonids with barriers to upstream movement. Con-
<br />servation Biology, 23, 859 -870.
<br />France RL, Collins NC (1993) Extirpation of crayfish in a lake
<br />affected by long -range anthropogenic acidification. Conserva-
<br />tion Biology, 7, 184 -188.
<br />Franco JA, Morgan JW (2007) Using historical records, aerial
<br />photography and dendroecological methods to determine
<br />vegetation changes in a grassy woodland since European set-
<br />tlement. Australian Journal of Botany, 55, 1 -9.
<br />Gil- Sanchez JM, McCain EB (2011) Former range and decline
<br />of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) reconstructed using veri-
<br />fied records. Journal of Mammalogy, 92, 1081 -1090.
<br />Graham CH, Ferrier S, Huettman F, Moritz C, Peterson AT
<br />(2004) New developments in museum -based informatics and
<br />applications in biodiversity analysis. Trends in Ecology and
<br />Evolution, 19, 497 -503.
<br />Green WS (1937) Colorado Trout, Popular series 2. Colorado
<br />Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
<br />Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, et al. (2010) New algorithms
<br />and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies:
<br />assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology,
<br />59, 307 -321.
<br />2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
<br />
|