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<br />for some purposes, hut in most respects sovereign," (Ohief J us-
<br />tice Marshall in Sturges v, Orowninshield, 4 WheaL, 122, 192.)
<br />
<br />"Reference has heen made to the political situation of these
<br />States, anteriol' to its (Oonstitution) formation, It has been
<br />said that they were sovereigl1, ",vere completely independeut. and
<br />were connected with each other only by a league. This is true."
<br />(Ohief Justice Mal'shallin Gihbons v, Ogden, 9 Wheat" 1, 187),
<br />
<br />"'rhe United States are sovereign as to all the powers of
<br />Government a.ctually surrendered. Each State in the Union is
<br />sovereign as to all the powers reserved. It must necessarily be
<br />so, becausc the United States haye no claim to any autho.rity but
<br />SUelL as the States haye surrendered to them, Of course, the part
<br />not slU'rend'ered must remain as it did before," (Chisholm v.
<br />Georgia, 2 Dall" 419, 435,)
<br />
<br />"In A merica the powel's of sovereignty are divided between
<br />the Gorerlllllent of the Union and those of the States, They are
<br />each sovereign ,,,ith respect to the objects committed to it, and
<br />neither sovereign with respect to the objects committed to the
<br />other, (Ohief Justice Marshall ill McCulloch v, Maryland, -i,
<br />Wheat" 3Hi, 410,)
<br />
<br />"TTnder the Articles of Confederation each State retained its
<br />f'::oVel'eiglltJ', freedom', and independence, and every power, juris-
<br />diction, and right 'Wt expressly delegated to the United Sotates,
<br />Undel' the Constitution, though the powers of the States were
<br />much restricted, still all powers not delegated to the United
<br />States, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States,
<br />respectively, 01' to the people, And we have already had occa-
<br />sion to remark at this term, that 'the people of each State com-
<br />pose a State, baving- its own government and 'endowed with all
<br />the functions essential to separate and independent existence/
<br />and that 'without the States in union there could be no such
<br />political body as t.he United St.ates.' Not. only t.herefore can
<br />there be no loss of separate and independent aut.onomy to the
<br />States through t.heir Union under the Constitut.ion, but it may
<br />be not unreasonahlysaid that the preservation of the States and
<br />tile maintenance of their government.s are as much within t.he
<br />design and care of the Oonst.itution as the presel'Vation of the
<br />Union and t.he maintenance of t.he Nat.ional Govel'l1ment, The
<br />Const.itution, in all its provisions, looks t.o an indestructible
<br />Union, composed of indestructible States." (Ohief Justice Chase
<br />in Texas v, White, 7 Wallace, 700, 725, decided in 1868,)
<br />
<br />"The General Government, and the States, although bot.h
<br />exist within tile same territorial limit.s, are separate and dis-
<br />tinct sovereignties, acting separa.tely and independent.ly of each
<br />other, within tlleir respective spheres, The fOI'l1ler in its appro"
<br />priate sphere is supreme; but. the Stat.es wit.hin t.he limits of
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