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2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 t c " 91 ,. ;. Past Studies. Archaeological remains were first noted in the river corridor by Euro- Americans during the Powell expeditions in the 1800s (powelI 1875). Traces of archaeological remains were noted in the vicinity of Bright Angel Creek and the Unkar Delta area. In later years, archaeological investigations were noted in the river corridor and on the rims of the canyon (Hall 1942; Haury n.d.). In the 1950s and 1960s, investigations became more focused under the direction of the NPS, in part due to anticipated dam development in areas of the Canyon (Euler 1967; Euler and Taylor 1966; Taylor 1958). In the late 1960s and early 1970s the School of American Research and the NPS conducted excavations in the river corridor and adjacent areas to investigate the prehistoric settlement pattern (Jones 1986; Schwartz 1965; Schwartz et al. 1979, 1980, 1981). Together, these studies provided the initial infonnation that suggested that numerous cultura1 resources existed within the river corridor. EIS Studies. Intensive archaeological inventories were conducted by the NPS during 1990 to 1991 in preparation of the GCDEIS to assess a range of dam operations (Fairley et.al 1994). These inventories located approximately 475 sites within the assessed area extending -, from Glen Canyon Dam to Separation Canyon, about 280 river miles and up to the 300,000 cfs flood level. Of the sites within this area, approximately 336 had identifiable impacts that were believed to be related to dam operations. Impacts were categorized as direct, indirect, or potential. Direct impacts included sites where inundation or bank cutting had occurred within the site in recent years. Indirect impacts included: 1) bank slumpage or slope steepening adjacent to the site, 2) arroyo cutting or other erosion phenomena related to base level lowering from river eroded sediments within the site, and 3) effects of visitor impacts at sites due to recreational use patterns. Potentially impacted sites include those within the 300,000 cfs flood level without direct or indirect impacts currently identifiable. Participating Native American tribes have also conducted cultural resource inventories to identify resources that have important cultural values to them. These studies were conducted by the Hopi Tribe, the Hualapai Tribe, the Navajo Nation, the Southern Paiute Consortium, and the Zuni Pueblo during the development of the GCDEIS. Numerous :( "I \1, ~I ? h " (.. ,. f".-. ". .- ,".1 '.-;~ I <~..,r I \ ~. .~.,.' ;~ ,. :~. ~~ '.,;- "I November S, 1998 Second Draft - Do Not Cite, Photocopy. or DistrIbute