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<br />v
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<br />TABLE OF CONTENTS
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<br />DISCLAIMER ...................................................
<br />LITERATURE CITATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
<br />ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . , . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . ii
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<br />PREFACE , , . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . .. Hi
<br />EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. iv
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<br />I. INTRODUCTION..,..,......,.,....,...........,........",., 1
<br />A. Description........,.............,...........,..,......,. 1
<br />B. Distribution ........,.............,............"....,." 2
<br />C. Habitat ..,........"...................,...,........... 8
<br />D. Life History .........................................,.. 11
<br />E. Reasons for Listing ....................................... 14
<br />F. Economic Importance "......,.....,....,......"",...... 18
<br />G. General Conservation Measures ...................,.......... 19
<br />H. AWPManagement and Research ,.....,...........,.,........ 21
<br />I. Captive Propagation ,........,..........,.....,........... 27
<br />J. The Cross-fostering Experiment ...,.....................,.... 34
<br />K, Reintroduction Studies In The East. , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . .. 41
<br />L, Research on Reintroduction Techniques For Migratory Populations ...... 44
<br />M, Population Viability Analysis, . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
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<br />II. RECOVERy.,.,.....................,.....,.....,.......... 49
<br />A. Objective and Criteria .......................,............. 49
<br />B. Narrative Outline For Recovery Actions
<br />Addressing Threats . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . .. 50
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<br />C. Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , .. 60
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<br />III. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE. . ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .. . . ..... ., 74
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<br />IV, APPENDIX ,..,......,.......,......,......,............... 78
<br />A. List of Individuals and Agencies Invited to Review Plan
<br />or Providing Review Comments, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
<br />B. Principal Comments Received on the Whooping Crane
<br />Recovery Plan Technical/Agency Draft ,.............,......... 80
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