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<br />Despite reservations of forest land under
<br />the Creative Act, depletion of the forest
<br />cover continued, as the new national for-
<br />ests were not adequately protected and ir-
<br />responsible and indiscriminate logging con-
<br />tinued. New Mezico, 438 U.S. at 706, 98
<br />S.Ct. at 3017. Comprehensive legislation
<br />on the 'national forests languished in Con.
<br />gress from 1894 to 1896,' until widespread
<br />withdrawals of forest land by President
<br />Cleveland angered many western constitu.
<br />ents and prompted Congress to enact the
<br />Organic Administration Act of 1897, Ch. 2,
<br />30 Stat. 34 (1897) (the Organic Act) (codi-
<br />fied as amended at 16 U.S.C. H 475-482
<br />(1976)). Id. The Organic Act defined the
<br />purposes for which national forests could
<br />be reserved and provided a charter for
<br />fo~st management and economic uses
<br />within the forests, and provided in perti-
<br />nent part'
<br />No public forest "",ervation shall be
<br />established, e:r:cept to improve and pro-
<br />tect the fo"",t within the reser"ation, or
<br />for the purpose of securing fa'IOrable
<br />conditi01l8 of water flows, and to fuT'
<br />nish a continuous supply of timber for
<br />the use and necessities of citize1l8 of the
<br />United States; but it is not the purpose
<br />or int<!nt of these provisions, or of the
<br />Act providing for such reservations, to
<br />authorize the inclusion therein of lands
<br />more valuable for the mineral therein, or
<br />
<br />H.R.Rep. No. 1593, 54th Cong.. IS! So... 5-6
<br />(l895).
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<br />5. AdvQC8leS of stricter forest confml introduced
<br />several comprehensive measures in (he House
<br />aod Senate in 1892 and 1893 to provide for'.
<br />'ystem of 5upervising and administering the na.
<br />tional fores... H.R. 102, S. 2763. S. 3235. 52d
<br />COOll, hI So... (1892): H.R. 10101, H.R. 10207,
<br />52 Congo 2d So... (1893). The Report of the
<br />Commiuee on Agricuhwe and Forestry. which
<br />accompanied one such measure, justified the
<br />main'enance of the fol'e$\ res.ervt:50 as follows:
<br />
<br />It is also eslablished beyond controversy that
<br />the forest cover. and especially the forest
<br />floor of leaves. rwip, decayill8 vegetable mal.
<br />ter, underbrush. ~d root sySlem. influence
<br />the regularilY of waterf]ow in springs, brooks,
<br />and rivers, as well IS tbe Slate of the ground
<br />water level. the presence Of absence: of an
<br />efficienl forest cover detennining the percenl-
<br />. of subterranean or superficial drainage.
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<br />for agricultural purposes, than for f
<br />purpose.
<br />30 Stat. 84 (emphasis added). In 1960,110
<br />goals of forest management under the 0.
<br />ganic Act were expanded with the adopciao
<br />of the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Aa.
<br />16 U.S.C. ~fi 528-531 (1985) (MUSYAj
<br />which stated:
<br />It i8 the policy of the Congress that ,..
<br />national forests aTe established a.
<br />shall be administered fOT outdoor
<br />recreation, range, timber, wat~
<br />and wildlife and fish purposes, I\r
<br />purposes of [this Act] are declared to..
<br />supplemental to, but not in derogatiol
<br />oj, the purposes for which the natiOll4l
<br />forests we", established as set forth n
<br />[the Organic Act) Nothing herein .ba!
<br />be construed as affecting the jurisdX.
<br />tions or responsibilities of the S...n}
<br />states with respect to wildlife and fish..
<br />the national forests. Nothing herein
<br />shall be construed so as to affect tho ""
<br />or administration of mineral resources or
<br />national forest lands or to affect the ""
<br />or administration of Federal lands not
<br />within national forests.
<br />16 U.S.C. ~ 529 (1985) (emphasis addrdl
<br />Based on MUSY A's expansion of foresl
<br />management goals, the Unit<!d States, in
<br />adjudications of water rights after the
<br />adoption of MUSY A, claimed that it had
<br />implied federal reserved water rights in tho
<br />national forests to maintain minimum in-
<br />
<br />The forest floor and the (oliage breaking Ihe
<br />force of the raindrops prevent a compatting
<br />of the: soil, it remains porous and permiu tbt-
<br />water 10 percolate readily, changing a t&rif
<br />amount of it from surface drainage inlo .RIb.
<br />terrane.tn channels; the root system, no
<br />doubl. works in the same direction. Forc:s1
<br />floor and foliage al50 prevent rapid evapo-
<br />ration. and aJtbouBh the trees consl.UTl~ ,
<br />wae amaunl of water in their growth, evapo-
<br />ration is the worsl dissipawr of moisture. and
<br />the balance between the consumplion and the
<br />Avina of evaporation by forest gro\W1h is
<br />larzely in favor of Lhis k.ind of vqcta.!ion as
<br />compared wilh any other vegctable cover or
<br />with naked. grouod, provided. the forest floor
<br />of decayed leaves, twigs, etc., is not destroyed.
<br />Furthennore, the meJting or snows is re1Md~d
<br />under me foresl covcr, and finally the me-
<br />chanical retarda.tion of the surface water flow
<br />promotes subterranean drainage. insuring to
<br />springs. . IJ'CatCT supply for 8 lonRer lime.
<br />S.Rep, No. 1002. SId Cong.. IS! So... 5-<\ (1892),
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