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<br />Subsequent developments at Trappers Lake were affected by the fact that the 1919
<br />policy approved by District Forester A, S, Peck for the region was continued throughout the
<br />1920's. Evidence to support that claim is found in the restricted applications for homesites,
<br />and in the cancellation of permits for sites already surveyed,42 In addition, several permits
<br />for cabins built in 1916, 1917, and 1920 were canceled and the cabins destroyed, The
<br />following quotation from the notes of Forest Examiner Fred R, Johnson is most explicit:
<br />
<br />From my field notes it is evident that we (Forest Supervisor Lewis R. Rist, Assistant Forest
<br />Supervisor Karl L. Janouch, and Johnson] concluded that the area above Trappers Lake should be
<br />reserved for wilderness purposes. This was further corroborated by later findings in the Supervisor's
<br />Office at Glenwood Springs {in] a letter from Regional Forester Allen S. Peck to Supervisor James
<br />Blair, under date of Oct 12, 1923, stating that the Forest Service should not plan to continue the
<br />road beyond its terminus at Forest Inn (% mile below Trappers Lake),43
<br />
<br />Formal establishment of the Flat Tops Primitive Area under Regulation L,20 began
<br />when Forest Supervisor Rist, who replaced James A. Blair in 1928, approved the recreation
<br />management plan for the White River National Forest on December 17, 1929, He then
<br />forwarded it to Washington, where on March 5, 1932, the Flat Tops Primitive Area was
<br />granted final approval by the Chief of the Forest Service, R, y, Stuart,44 The area has been
<br />managed since 1932 under Regulation L-20 and is currently (1965,1967) being studied for
<br />reclassification to wilderness status, pursuant to the Wilderness Act of 1964,45
<br />
<br />The second de facto application of the wilderness concept in the United States took
<br />place in the Superior National Forest in Minnesota, Its origin may be traced to Carhart's
<br />preliminary report of 1919; it was advanced a step further when in 1921 Carhart paid a
<br />second visit to that Forest and drafted a second, or revised, report, The 1921 "Recreation
<br />Plan, Superior National Forest, Minnesota." consisted of 144 pages, complete with
<br />photographic illustrations and maps of the area,46 It was "dedicated to the ideal of human
<br />service and to the purpose of making Americans of greater mind, body and soul, ~and
<br />through them preserve our national life from disintegration because of its oppressing
<br />association with man,made, artificiallife,"4 7
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<br />Under "Wilderness Spirit," a heading which has direct bearin9 on this study, Carhart
<br />reiterated that there was "so little wilderness left where natural conditions are supreme that
<br />the Superior stands somewhat by itself in this type,"48 One final quotation should suffice
<br />to indicate his central concept: "The whole place should be kept as near wilderness as
<br />possible, the wilderness feature being developed rather than any urban conditions,"49
<br />
<br />Out of this plan came the first major disagreement over road building in National
<br />Forests;50 this dispute concerned the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, The Boundary Waters
<br />Canoe Area Review Committee reported to Secretary of Agriculture Orville L, Freeman in
<br />December, 1964, that the first attempt to indicate and to develop guiding principles for that
<br />area was made in 1919 when Arthur H, Carhart was employed as a landscape architect for
<br />the Forest Service,51 It should be noted that Carhart's carbon copy of the plan discussed
<br />immediately above was clearly marked "1921," the year of his second visit, but that Region
<br />9 of the Forest Service in Milwaukee and the Washington Office referred to the document as
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