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<br />water under the rights established through previous procedure.
<br />The term is also aprlied to the supervisiun of the distribution of
<br />water under existing rights established by adjudication.
<br />RIGHTS, WATER, APPROPRIATION. A legal lelm de,
<br />signaring the act or acts iIl\'oked in the taking and reducing to
<br />personal possession of water occurring in a. stream or other body
<br />of water, 30d applying such W::lter to bene/icial uses or purposes.
<br />RIGHTS, WATER, DOCTRINE,OF,APPROPRIATION OF,
<br />The legal principals go\'erning the rights tu the use of water
<br />through appropriation. The doctnne W:15 de\'eloped largely in
<br />the arid west.
<br />RIGHTS, \II A TER, RIPARIAN. The legal I;ght wh;ch "',
<br />sures to the o....ner of land abuttIng upon a stream or l)(her
<br />natural body ol Wdter t\1e use of such W;ller. It orIginated in the
<br />common l{lw, which allowed each ripari~n owner to require the
<br />water of a stream to reach his land "undiminished in quantity
<br />and unaffected i~ quality" excc!?t for minor domestic uses. It has
<br />been abrogated 1n a number (IF the .we~tern sutes, and greatly
<br />modified in others, and in genernl, at the pres.ent tIme. allows
<br />each riparian owner [0 m8ke a reax:>nabk use ot the water upon
<br />his riparian land, the extent of such use being governed hy the
<br />reJsonable needs and reqUirements of other nparian owners i1nd
<br />the quantity of w.]ter available.
<br />SALINITY - The relative concentration of salts, usually sodium
<br />chloride. in 3 given water. It is usuJ.lly e."pressed in lenns of the
<br />number of pans per millIon of chlorine eel).
<br />SECOND-fOOTDA Y - The \'olume of wdter represented b)
<br />a flow of 1 cu. ft. per sec. for 24 hr. It is 86.400 cu. ft. or neOlrly
<br />2 acre-ft. (actually 1.9835): a convenient unit in storage com-
<br />putations.
<br />SEDIMENTATION The process of <;ubsidence and deposi
<br />tion of suspended matter earned by water, Of other liquids, by
<br />gra\'ity. It is usually accumplished by reducing the velOCity of
<br />the liquid below the point whcce it can transport the suspended
<br />mater'ial. Abo called seltling.
<br />SEEPAGE, RETURN "Vater which percolates from canals
<br />and irrigated areas to underlying strata. rai~ing the ground,v,,';tter
<br />Ie'vel, and which e....entually returns to natural channels.
<br />SE\,\'ER, OUTFALL A sewer which receives the sewage from
<br />a collecting system and L<lrneS it to a pomt of final discharge.
<br />SOIL. ALKAUC\'E - A nnn-.Jcid soil which contains more hy-
<br />rlm"yl Ions than hydrogen ions. A !;uil havtnS Ll pH above 7.0,
<br />for practical purpose~. .....ith a pH above JboUl 7.:'. An alkaline
<br />soil IS detrimental to the growth of most crop plants If the pH
<br />is 8.5 or higher or if the percentage of exchangeable sodium is
<br />l'i percent or more. Not 10 be confu.sed with a.lk'lll soil.
<br />SPREADING. W ATEP. '; 1) The :l1'lhc.:J;J\ ~pp\i.t<Jti(Jn o~
<br />water to lands fm the purpose of storing It in the ground for
<br />subsequent wlthdra.....~J by pumps for CIOp5. (2) Inigation by
<br />surplus waters out of cropping season.
<br />STOP.ACE, CP.OUND.\VATER Water which occurs ;\s
<br />gwund .....ater in the zone ("If S,lturation. Including that pan en-
<br />tering and leaving swrage.
<br />STREA!\l, EFFLUENT (1) A Stream (Jr stretch of stream
<br />which recei~'es water frrJm ground-wJter in the 1.Qne of
<br />saturation. The Welter surface of- such a stream stands 3t a lower
<br />level than the W<lter table or piezometTlc surface of the ground.
<br />\,,:ater body from ...vhlch it recei\'es water. Also called a gaiuing
<br />stream. (2) A stream flowing l~ut (of another stream or out of a
<br />lake.
<br />STREAM, EPHEMERAL - (I) One that flows (,nly in direct
<br />response to precipitation. Such a stream recei\'cs no water from
<br />springs, and no long continued supply from melting snow or
<br />other ~urface ~OUTce. Its ch::mnel is at all time.., abfJ\'1:'. th.,. wate.l
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<br />table. (2) The term may be arbitrarily restricted \(I streams or
<br />stretches of streams that do not n,)\.\' continuously during periods
<br />of ns much a5 one month.
<br />
<br />STREAM, INTER~lITIENT, SPRING,FED ' A meam, 0'
<br />a stretch of <l stream, [hat flows only at certain times when it
<br />recci\'es water from 5pring5. The intermittent character of streams
<br />of [his type is generallv due to fluctuations of the water table
<br />whereby stream channels stand a part of the time below, and a
<br />part of the time above, the water table.
<br />
<br />SPRING, INTEHMITTENT, SURFACE,FED . A ""am 01
<br />stretch of a stream which Haws during a protracted period when
<br />it recei\'es water horn sucface SOlIrCeS,- generally the gradual and
<br />long continued melting of snow in a mountainous or other cold
<br />\libu\o1"l 'dleo. Tne term roav be arbittarilv re.~tricted to $tre.ams
<br />or stretches of streams that flow continuou.dy during periods of
<br />at least one month.
<br />
<br />STHEAi\l. PERENNIAL - A S[[earTl which flows continuousl\'
<br />al all se..som of a year and during drv as well as wet years.
<br />Such streClms are usually fed bv ground water, and their water
<br />surface generally st<lnds' at a lov.'er level than that of the water
<br />table in the l0cality.
<br />
<br />SUHVEY, SNO'W - The prOC6s or operation of determining
<br />the depth. \vater content. and density of snow at various selected
<br />pomts on a drainage baSin. in order to <Iscertain the amount of
<br />water stored thereon in the form of snow [or the purpose of
<br />forec3sting ~ubsequent (unoH.
<br />
<br />TABLE. \VATER. NATURAL - A water table in its natural
<br />condition elnd position. Dot disturbed b\. anificJ:ll additions or ex-
<br />tractions of water. -
<br />
<br />TRANSPIRATION (I) The process by which plants dissipate
<br />water into the atmosphere from lea\'es and other surfaces. (2)
<br />The .....ater which escapes as vapor from pl<lot lea....es and other
<br />surfaces.
<br />
<br />USE. CONSUMPTIVE - The quantity of \\.'ater absorbed by
<br />the crop. and trans[1lfed or used directly in the building of plant
<br />tissue together with that evaporated from the cropped area. It
<br />is e:<"pressed ITI unItS of depth on the elren. Also called erapo-
<br />transl'iration.
<br />
<br />\V ATEH, DUTY OF - In irrigation. the quantity of water re-
<br />quired to sati~fy the irngation water requirements of land. It
<br />will var)" from a large use under crude practice to small use
<br />under good practice. It IS simply the measuce of the use of water
<br />and may be distinguished as head-g:.lte or gross dut~., Llteral duty,
<br />dUlY :.Jt the farm, or net duty. and crop duty for differenr crops.
<br />It is e....pressed either as the rate of flow required per unit area
<br />of land, the area which C3n be se[\'ed by a unit rate of flow,
<br />or the tolal volumetric quantlly of water in terms of depth of
<br />w3ter, reqUired during the irrig.'ltion season or given portion
<br />there'of. In staling the duty. the crop. and usually the location of
<br />the land in question as ......ell as the type of soil. should be speci-
<br />fied. A "high dutv" corresponds to an economical use of water'
<br />a "low duty" indicates small returns for the waler used. Usage:
<br />110\.\'l:'ver, ~as broadened the meaning until it may mean exactly
<br />the npposlte, that is, high duty signifying the use of abundant
<br />water and \'ice \'ersa. See also water. use of, COllst/lnptil'e; re-
<br />'lHirement. \VClter.
<br />
<br />\VATER, DUTY OF. FARl\.l - The seasonal quantity of water
<br />delivered to individual farm units under ::w irrigation project.
<br />Such duty may be expressed in terms of acre-feet per acre, total
<br />deI;>\h of watel ovel a unit are.., OT number of acres served per
<br />unit of flow. Such duty expresses the actual rate of use of water
<br />at the farm, after all can8l and other losses have been eliminated
<br />but includes losses in the farm ditches and also waste. '
<br />\\lATER. GROUND - (\) S.....b~~.....lhce \\'";l\eT uccupying the
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