|
<br />12
<br />
<br />FEDERAL WATER RIGHTS LEGISLATION
<br />
<br />FEDEIlAL WATER RIGHTS LEGISLATION
<br />
<br />13
<br />
<br />TIot,h of these acts link flood control with "othcr lise'" alld "a]\ied pur-
<br />
<br />poses" for purpo."es of dctormining wlmt should bo done.61 li"or our
<br />
<br />purposes, the most. ,ignifieant aspect of tho act is its omission of any
<br />
<br />reference, a.flic'mativc or negatl\'e. to compliance with Stnte laws in
<br />
<br />connect.ioll either with flood control itself or with the ",,]\iod pur-
<br />
<br />poses" which have Lecome, in practice, hydropower, irrigation, munic-
<br />
<br />Ipal wlttcr supply, ctc" Even the Flood Control Act. of In44 did not
<br />
<br />go so fnr nR to I'equiro such compliance, but limited itself to an
<br />
<br />admonition that-
<br />
<br />In connection with t1le eX{,fclse of jurisdiction over the rivers of the Nation
<br />.through the con..c;lructloll of works of improvement, for lln\"i~ntion or flood con-
<br />trol, lHI herein nntbori1.ed. it Is declared fo be tile policy of the Congrps.9 to
<br />reeoj:!nize the inter('st~ llud ri~ht~ of. the Stllles In Ilcterl!lining the development
<br />ot the t\'.1tersheds wHllin tllelr hortlers and likcwl!'lie their jnterests Dnd right8
<br />in wat<"r utilizntion oml ('outrol, n~ herein Dutllorized to '(lrcscn-e nnd protect
<br />to tb(> flllle~t po~:o:.ihlf' extent estnblished nnd potential Uf:es, for aU PUrl)OSes, of
<br />the waters (If the Nntion's rivers-
<br />
<br />and to implellH'nting this poli('.y d~dnnl.tion ,,"it.h ft plan for State
<br />
<br />review of prop,,"n 1s mndo Ly t he Corps of Engineers and the BUl'eltu
<br />
<br />of Rcclf1lllfltion hefol"f>. t.heir slIhmissioll to Congrrss,6:!
<br />
<br />Finnlly, the IV48 "rater Pollutiou Control Act,," parl,icularly os
<br />
<br />it was mllr1Hlml in If1:H.l,r.4 should h(~ notNl. "Thile cledm'ing- it. to be
<br />
<br />t.he policy of Congrt"ss "to recognize, preserve, and protect t.he pri-.
<br />
<br />mal')' )'espollsibilit.]('s nnrl rig-hts of t.hc Stntc.~ ill prcvent.in~ and con-
<br />
<br />t.rolling' water pollution" ::nHl <lisclniming nny mh'nt to impair or
<br />
<br />to an'cct in :In)' mallller "nny right. 0[" jl1risdict.ion of the Sta.tes with
<br />
<br />respp.ct to the watp.rs (illcluding boulHlary wntcrfl) of snch States,"
<br />
<br />the act went on 10 lny lL fOIUHlnlion for Federnl participation in
<br />
<br />dcyclopillO' and carrying- out plans "for eliminat,ing or reducing tho
<br />
<br />{lollut,jolt ~f l1lterstnte waters aJld triblltnrif's thercof nnrl improving
<br />
<br />the sttnitnry condition of surfaee nlHl untlerground wflters" nnd, more
<br />
<br />import.ant for 0111' purposes, for FetleJ'al slIi!s to g('C\1re abatenwnt of
<br />
<br />"pollution of intp,!'f'tatc waters in or ndjncent to any State * * .
<br />
<br />which endangers the healt,]l or welfarE' of persoll~ in fL Stnte other
<br />
<br />than that in which t.he discharge originates * * *." (15 Under the
<br />
<br />IV.J8 version of the act., such a ,;lIit cOII!d be brollght only wit.h the
<br />
<br />writ.ten consent of tho Stntc in which the pollution originates; under
<br />
<br />thu IlliG vcr~ioll it CltTl be Lrou,!!ht wit.h the consent cithrr of t.hat
<br />
<br />St,:!I" or or the St,ale ",here "1.1", he,:dlh 0'" ",eHare of ]lersons is
<br />
<br />Cl\(lall~Ct'('U hy SHe,ll pollut.ion," III (~itlle,.casc, lW1\"cn"!r, it is a Fmlern.l
<br />
<br />suit that is to bo brought and a suit. urollght upon n. Feueral CIl-use of
<br />
<br />actioll. The act., 1ll01'e()v~r, is not limited to w1.\'igabJc waters or" to
<br />
<br />tho protection of navigation, as previous acts were/o but extends to
<br />
<br />... t
<br />In or.st.ate waters" at lRrO'f' Fi ]] .
<br />may well for pract.icaJ ';;';0 na y, ]t at Jeost SUI.'plc'mellts, alld
<br />for the Itbatement of pof'"t\OI~:u~l)]lle t~ shupersclde, mterstate ,,,its
<br />1 ns "e n.Ve lad 111 t.he past.. 01 _
<br />OUR l'RE-180!) IY.GAC'
<br />. . 1': THE NAVIOATroN SF.nnTfJDE
<br />This bn!'e ollt'ine of n",jot" enlt t t 1"' . . : '
<br />e!lOugh to jndicate t.lmt., dlll'iuO" tJl~ ~~:Il ~ all( ..,.JUdlClfll deCISIOns jg
<br />(YO\'enUllellt.-wllPt,llel' SIW'll"jl~rr tl ! ,k tl (j~ 01' I {O)'pa~'S, t.IIO Fcdcl'al
<br />UlI'ollgh its J'udj(.i-JJ 1""11 ./' 'l~ 1Iong 1 I~S f':f!,lsbt.I\'e ul'a.nch or'
<br />, ' . ,Ie 1- las :lSScl'le l I, -t.' I ..
<br />w,ller rC!->OlII'<..'t~S wit-It wlliclt'll1 docL' t JIl Cle:;.:os lTl t lO Nat.I(JIl's.
<br />~xeluS'jl'eJr Uw COIICC1'Il of th~ Jt.: t rille 111fl[t, t.ho:-('. I"CSOllI'CC'S are
<br />WB are taikillO' of n'lvilratio~l "-, jl .('1 cnllnot )e squared. "'het.llC'-l.'.
<br />lands, or i1Ti(7.1trOIl <0'" "(I'r>o I ' 011. '),'( ropo( we 1', or IndiulI;-;. 01' !)uLlie:
<br />h ",',' con 1'0 or to II t tl l'
<br />ns not alJ'eady been ment.ioned) fo;'ei ,U{.t :OGs' Ie 1St one lhat
<br />of lU'Ca.S of nJll10llnced .Feder'tl c gll Jel~t.IOI~S. Wi' are t:ll);jnlr
<br />IIf~OH, aired, nnd to Some exteH't liJ~r~~l'n wlllch lJloyitably illlpinrr~
<br />tllillk of tlte States ns havinO" a 1 '1' "~Ie po\\'el'S \\'Ilieh 1ll11"'y like t.o
<br />have hefe)l't'. 18!lll. ~ lit \\ lIt I, to n. large extent, they did
<br />l~or, dlll'iJIg' t.JH~ fil'st ce.ntury of Ol' .' ~ .
<br />poliCY nut! ,,":dcl' l:1W Wf'l'C f, .11 c.:ostell<..'c ns :l 1\Htlon, wnter
<br />States. If l\[ichi'I'fUI W'l"'- frc(ll~gel)l Illattt.ws: tJlClt '\l~re h,ft t.o the
<br />New Hampshil'e ~,Ias fr~~ L ! 10 lU opt1one rule of riparian ri(rht.s
<br />t I t '11 ' ~, nr opt. anot 'er and NT ,. 1 b'
<br />.0 3( op, stl a thil'tI.G!I E:Jch Shte co ill "L Cll' .I. or \: W:IS free
<br />~np: t.he crmsll'lIctioll and 1l1ainte- ", 11 ( .liL\"e Its Own rule respect-
<br />It. so chose, en~age ill intel'n:~l im Il.~n:e. of null dall1s:70 ~ncl, could, if
<br />or use water lor this purpose ah~~s~' e~lJ~lb1~-S foJ' Il:\.VIg':lt.lOn and divert
<br />So crowded nnd the d^lllal"'] f nt, I ltmn. The country wa~ not
<br />fl. f I ' 1; < So or '\Va er WCI' t .'
<br />Ie mg. t mt they could not. n.11 be met Tl ~' no. :-0 gre~lt or so con-
<br />ti!'st Itrld S(.ltte~ were admitted to th " . liS was so e"en when t,he
<br />many year><: t.hereafter It' e ~hllon nnd ](. remained so for
<br />'II" ", ]S not sllrpl'1SJnO" the t.1 I
<br />was WJ Ing- In 18G671 to 1 . - ~, . .n, . \at tiC COIlO'ress
<br />torie" to determine their O~,,;eI'Ult]. to ft,he Westem Stnt<-s nnd 'l\>,rri-
<br />, eo water US<\"
<br />"hcncver by p' '1 "
<br />. ' . rlOt'1 \" of posS('~!'liOIl r' I t t t
<br />8~rJCllltllral. 1U1IJllIfnCtliriug c:;r' ~th" Igl S 0 he Use of w;ltl'r for mining
<br />OJ t . er purpos('s hn ve ne-cruelI ' d '
<br />"N I.,~'" 1':{:llllI'INI, cnllf:lIlt Ati."Qllri v Ill' "In the ~:lJne ..
<br />":'f"O~'-~X~I'I'~~:~~ Jcl'~:~:'~'lt2;~ ViR :]fl,i (J~~f~~' ISO U.S. 208 (1001),200 U.S. 4{16 (If)Oii).
<br />Slnt. ~10:-:. Tn'lIl~ -S..rl..... ~ {! ~1'ntll'li or ,Tflll. ]1. Hl(\!"I (:l0 St f) ,
<br />nnft.HIli! AI"!, li'l:;') 'rllI '. ,n',7..n, UIIII Io"l'h, ~7, lil:-.(I (i Ii snt;,_H.(;q, F,'h. 2-1, 1!l::!~ (44
<br />4;':;,. lilli' Nov. '14' JlI-f~I/t~:()t.~lLnrllt; IIlIrl "'n.f 21, J~"Hl (.H '~i.,:r~~I~I."~,~1t!1 Othl'r llll.'r-
<br />E:rlllll'Ir/ll1i'llit:l oj (:hit'//q;, ..11;;- .1~111. 'l'r"III.,' l-lr'rl"" "'0 il'll\' ~:(il'"lrr'lIl.r :-krll'lI :>lo.
<br />Ct)UII'st h"'WI~I'1L l'llillll!'l. 'i'IIl,'i1 1"',fr<l,.rUnll'R, :!(;lIlJs. 40:;, :,,):. '/li,:-.)I~".!:':" ~,.., Ill!'o
<br />c"ml1/"r<:(' Iltr., tn r"lI/rol tll. 11 II II Stl1ll'~ I~ :J,~~"r/J11/:, It,>; N - 1_... I hi!' I.. l}C,t tt.
<br />hi 1I111l I'lIlt Tlf'lt oui,. to rrUl;;\,"llln'lh:ml,!t, "'atl'r~ wllilJII Its Jllrl,,:;~'~~"h'::lI I;o\\'er to r("/:"1l1ate
<br />.I1lso tn ("nrr~" nllt our trfOnt~. 0::11' )"',',rllct10Il to Inlt"rMtllte Im(1 r<lr~Ig'PI1. t hll!'l 11 1l1:llu]]nj:
<br />conct"r1lrd Ilnd Jt '" ~:r on" to It (orr>!.gn Jl I:> . n cnmrnl'rCt> . . .. but
<br />Jllkc!'.'" , may .'(", also on the footlnl! 'of nno~~I;1 orrJ,'l'"lllg" (.11 /fume o{ thi' Ink('s
<br />.. 1-'01" ~~:HnJlI/l!l, Fr(' n'lrnf)lIf. . milt" ~OV/lrplC"ll Intcrcl'lt In the
<br />frllltrllct Jur;\-' t1H1t tile' d"(end; 1. Krllo.IJIJ, 20 :lflch. 1::!O ]8 \m n(' .,
<br />~tr",",m h.v <'r1'clloll o( a dam o~n~h~rl.I,d, nut riftn(lLf"h tl;e 1l\1~nt'lt'" gr 1~-t (],Q74) {err(lr to
<br />pp ("nUon (Ie thl' ,,"fltl' I I ' In mu"-t so Il~" \\'Iltl' . "-fl er f1owln/:" In the
<br />4.. N.Y. f'ilI. 7 "m itl:r 3~3w, or Inat<:>r1nll); to d!J~J\nIRh i~ 111'1 lIut ml~,tC!rl:llJ~' to nlT('("t the
<br />Illlrplll.'l w:rtl'r ot' thr ~.r~dIU (lR71) ("Thl.<l rlt:llt, C!lllfnH'riArl1Unntll)" ): Clinton 1". JtPN".
<br />~~'lH'~II, hll~ no fOllnll:ltlon In th~ ~;wmny J'ot rel1ulre {or prl'~~n~h,i!'.~I~~~nrr, to (jp.tnin sllch
<br />67"N' ,1'\'("11 tlll'II,..::11 till' ri('tt"ntlon a' ,nn I~ In dlrl'ct conflict with th wnntl'{) In n drl
<br />. I It:l1 31 An 18 Ifill r,('... no matl'rlnl lnh1r t e mnxlm aql.la cl.lrrt
<br />the "tr~lIm il~ ('hoo~I''' t~ In V Ja rlpnrlnn own('r or In~d(lm~~?~ll'~ pnrtrl: (liltill \'. ClialtC-
<br />w~:tptl' n pnrth'ulllr ufle '19 r~~~o~n:hlthr 8n~e ot' ""nteT Irnpollil(le:r h~ i~Y r~:lf:llnahle u~ at"
<br />60 U. ~J fl~~l't~f,.~,n~~~ CttlIVIIFS€'d fne Bno~teen~Ir.T~~Kh"unl;.cj ISR'l fl}PRtl~Umr(l~ th~j~:~r.'lln8;
<br />'11 Act ot Jul.v 2fj 1860 9 n Y muf. v. Fletcher" (1911)
<br />mnfl'rlnl {JIIMpd I th ,see., 14 Bto.t 21Sa Rev St t 2 '
<br />"3 U,R.C 601 ndd ~ ,~f':rt. tbe net ot' Jui,. 9 i870' tt.. 339. 43 tT.~.C. 66] To tbe
<br />fie Bllhjpc't to ~Il\' v~t.p All pntentll grnnt(>d, Or pre~~eeil~7, 10 Rtnt. 2]R, Rev, Btnt 2340
<br />or re("ol."nh,,,.1 h,," f1,.. 1 ~h~,n~ _!ll'crued 'Water rh:htll . . p. n~81"noL hhO}~~8!:~~S _ ~Iln:-VI'~" shllli
<br />
<br />.1 Thill', In the HI17 net: "All exnmlnnt!()nll nnd !lurveyI' of projpets r~lDtlDA' to 8004
<br />contrnl ~hnll loclllrlr n ("nmpn'henlll\"l~ flUl"'"ry of th(' 'Wnt("rl'ht'd .. .. -. nnd the r~port
<br />thrn'nn . . . !'hnll J:ff"I' srlch aatn aR it rony ~ nr:lcl)r"bJe to lI€'t"IH'e In l'eFnrd to .. .. -
<br />tel thl' pOl'lllbl" e("nTlnmlcni dr\'('lopml'nt nnd utlll7,nt!oo ot wnter power; Bod (d) Blleb
<br />othrr 11111'8 nll mny hf' prnp(>rly rplllt~d to or coordlnatMl with the proJect." So. too, 10
<br />IlPCtloll 2 of the 19,10 net = .... . . F+'llrrnl Inf"(!llth::"nt!oml Ilnd tmprovcm~Dt8" at rlverB and
<br />othrr wnlrrwnp; for ftnnll contrnl And nlllpd pUI"p08MJ "holl be under tbe jUrlBdlcttOD ot
<br />tbp . . . th~ "'nr DI'pnrtment .. . ....
<br />a Act ot jlr(". 22, l!lH. l're. 1. 5R Stnt. 81'17. 33 U.S.C. 701-1.
<br />., Act of ,Tunc :10. If148, 62 Stilt. n1S5. 33 U.S,C, 466 et lIeq.
<br />II Act of July G, IG50, 70 Stot. 408.
<br />. Act of June 30, 1048, Bee, 8. 62 Bmt. lUO i ad or July 9, IOriO. Bee. I, 70 Bta.t, ri04. 33
<br />U.FI.~. ..Mil. . .
<br />. For exnmplell, fl.et! netll ot Mar, 3, 1890, sec. 13. 30 Stat. IHi2, 93 U.S.C. 40T: Mnr. 8.
<br />]OO~. fire. 4, :i:i Stat. 1147, 3:l V.S.C. 419: June T. 1924, 43 Stat. 604, 83 U.B.C. 431 et seq.
<br />Thfl l/lllt ot these thrl'e a(!t1I Is conthloo to "OOJtBtal PAvJgable "4ter(l" which term. by
<br />rirllnltl"n In IIl'C. 2, extends to "all Inland watef8 navigable In fact In whleh the tlde ebb.
<br />
|