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002073 - , " c. ~ u.s. Geological survey where the small rema~n4n9 program has been under constant threat of elimination during the past decade. Thus, we have lost, not only more than a decade of research results, but also the next genera- tions of promising young researchers who have an appreciation of urban water resources and watershed systems. About five years ago, the Federal Government began to reassess its role in supporting the development of infrastructure for the 21st Century, e.g., see Kim et al. (1993). A key recommendation of these large studies is to develop and support a major research and technology transfer initiative. The R&D model incorporates a consortium of academia, industry, and government labs with continuing dialogue and feedback between the users and the re- searchers. Technology transfer would be an integral part of the process. Urban infrastructure initiatives have been on the horizon for over a decade, e.g., National Research Council (1984), Grigg (1985), Civil Engineering Research Foundation (1993), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1993). Because of the dormant state of the field during the past ,decade, few research needs have been fulfilled. Heaney (1986) prepared a list of re- search needs in urban stormwater pollution. Grigg (1985) prepared a general list of research needs for infrastructure systems. Smolen et al. (1990) prepared a list of research needs in nonpoint impact assessment based on a review of the literature and a judgment on how the Water Environment Research Foundation could best invest its very limited resources. Watershed planning and management has reemerged as an issue of the 1990's (Heaney 1993). 2.2.2 watershed and Urban Models McPherson (1973) argued that developing an urban water budget was an essential first step in using a systems approach. Concurrently, researchers at Resources for the Future were stressing the use of a materials balance approach for inventorying and evaluating the generation and disposal of "residuals" or the quality constituents associated with transport in the air or water (Kneese, Ayres, and d'Arge. 1970). A summary of the residuals management approach and a catalog of models is presented in Basta and Bower, Eds. (1982). A current overview of hydrologic models is contained in Maid~ ment, Ed. (1993). The EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was probably the most notable attempt to build a comprehensive urban water management model that could do single event or continuous simulation of water quantity and/or water quality. Huber, Heaney et al. (1991) reviewed the state of the art in urban stormwater models. The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) has been in use for almost 25 years since its original development during 1969-71 (Metcalf and Eddyet al., 1971). SWMM can be used for a range of objectives, including routine drainage design, sophisticated unsteady and nonuniform hydraulic analysis, and water quality impact evaluation. SWMM can be used for continuous s~ulation. However, if much spatial and temporal detail is included and the more complicated blocks such as EXTRAN are run, then simulation times become unreasonably long. Thus, the much simpler model, STORM, was developed to provide a coarser overview of long-term system performance. However, STORM has not been updated since the 1970s. Other notable models are the suite of HEC models which are widely used in hydrology, hydraulics, and watershed planning and management. Also, HSPF, the current version of the Stanford Watershed Model is still widely used for watershed analysis (Bicknell et al. 1993). Recently, a major improvement in the analysis of water distribution systems was made possible with the intro- duction of EPANET which can analyze quantity and quality changes in water 4